- These lectures were
conducted at Semester at Sea, Winter, 2005,
by
Prof. Robert Fessler, Global Studies Coordinator. This part covers
lectures from Vancouver to Honolulu.
- Most of these notes were entered
in real time during the
lecture.
Beware: I get things wrong.
- Personal comments are usually
enclosed in {...}
|
Physiography of the World
Asia
(many maps are from the shipboard folder \\Fs2\Academic\Resources\Maps
etc\Political Maps)
essler
begins every lecture with, "Good morning," in a very quiet voice. The students
quickly respond by quieting themselves.
This morning Fessler announced the course's major theme:
One
world, many world views.
The discussion continued with basic stuff about how come there are
different cultures and different roles in each culture. Arrow
maker, potter, healer, ... Differing explanations for natural
phenomena: lightning, birth, death. Develop world view. Pass on to
children two ways: explicit and implicit. Explicit is called socialization. Implicit
is enculturation. Example of
enculturation:
size of personal space.
Ethnocentrism and cultural relativity.
Ethnocentrism--ours is the right
world view. Others are inferior. Some Africans have foot reflex
at an earlier age than Europeans. So Europeans call is African
precociousness; not European retardation.
A group of students were invited to
participate in a Sufi ("whirling dervish") dance. They were excited and
went forward. At the door, the men were admited, but the women directed
to the balcony with the Sufi women. Only one of the students "got
it." She sat beaming in the balcony, proud of her male companions. She
was not less disappointed tto not dance than the other women, but she
was prepared to fully partake in the Sufi experience. For women, that
means looking on. A different ethos than modern Western women may
expect.
Opposite of ethnocentrism is cultural
relativity.
Comparing cultures. dimensions.
Individualism ... collectivism. Where is the
self located?
Americans: behind face. Other cultures: hearts or stomachs. In
individualistic societies the world view describes a person bounded by
skin. "I have a brain." So what is "I?" "My body" is not "me." "Growing
up" means gaining independence, autonomy. Can choose ones own
relationships. Americans are at the far individualistic end of the
continuum. Most of the cultures we visit will be more collective.
Americans separate infants for sleep. Other cultures view this as child
abuse. In Japan, boss sits in the middle; a corner office is a demotion.
Fessler: Continuing with One
world, many world views.
Individualism ... collectivism, cont'd
Obligation and duty are not oppression in a collectivist society. What
the group wants is more important than my own wants. Identity in
collectivist society is much broader. Not just a personal identity
lopped inside your skin. Language: for us: "I", "me", and a name; in
collective society, multiple names reflective of place in a larger
whole. Name might be "daughter of so-and-so." Different words for "I".
Koreans may say "we think" meaning "I think."
Exercise: pay attention to actual concrete experience. Look down at
self and see what you see. Legs, stomach, chest, shoulders, arms,
hairy. On top of shoulders: a roomful of people.
A second dimension of culture comparison:
continuum from dominance hierarchies to egalitarianism.
Many cultures have dominance hierarchies. People at top values more.
Most cultures have a gender heirarchy. Males valued more. We will visit
cultures with stronger gender hierarchy than US. Age hierarchy in US is
inverted V. Top is 25-40. Attractiveness hierarchy. Class hierarchy;
sometimes based on birth. US class system mostly based on $.
Third dimension: traditional
vs modern societies. Modern
society is
technologically advanced, economically developed. People educated,
literate, rational. Scintific explanation for reality; not
supernatural. Expectation of continuous change: "progress"; things will
be better. In a traditional society. Low tech. Less economic
development. Less specialization. Supernatural explanation for reality:
spirits, karma. Tradition is valued; low expectation of change. (fred:
Are the red states more traditional?) Cities more modern, rural areas
more traditional. India is two-tier: internet everywhere; one-third of
city people without sanitation. Some McDonalds in Japan have a man
hired solely to bow to customers in the drivein lane. Pizza huts in
many foreign cities have very different toppings.
Fessler: Faculty members have
their own
world
views. Today Rebecca Youmans to get inside the world of biology;
specifically the oceans and Dennis Waring to talk about music.
Prof. Rebecca Youmans: Nine dot
puzzle: Draw a continuous line of four segments that goes through all
nine dots. Think outside the box.
(Click the diagram to see the
solution).
Types of whales:
baleen, toothed. Baleen: filter feeders, slower, 2 blow holes. Toothed:
predators, faster 1 blow hole. Sea turtles. Depend on diet and
what is around. Hawksbill dine on sponges (essentially glass).
Leatherbacks eat jelly fish with spines in throat to shred them.
Jellyfish (Cnidaria). Spear guns with triggering mechanism. If they
sting you, they waste their swtingers. Some in the jellyfish phyllum
are coral polyps. Symbiotic algae supply extra energy for creating the
shell. Night. Bioluminescence. Oxidation of luciferin. From many little
organisms. Bacteria, radiolarians, flagelates. Best is in Peurto Rico.
Ships that pump salt water through toilets will bioluminesce. Flying
fish. large pectoral fins. (52 species in family Exocoetidae). Oceanic
birds. Glide without flapping. Wind is airfoil. Demo: strip of paper
under lower lip. Mangrove ecosystem.
Our other ship, the earth. Need to talk to our cabin mates. Closing
quote "Let us take strength from the stars to feel that we are one in
solidarity."
Prof. Dennis Waring,
Ethnomusicoligist. We need to greet each other as
human beings. "Ethno" - "the other". Nope, we are all ethnic.
"Music" may be silence. "Ology" - the study of. "Ethnomuicology
is the study of music within its social, historical, ... context."
1. Why music? Every culture has music. (Fred: Australian aborigines use
music to preserve culture.) Expressive culture. Perhaps preceded
spoken language. Spoken language has everything of music: Pitch,
cadence, pace, ... . Do anumals do music? Do birds "sing" or just make
noise because that is what they do? Research suggest they sing to
express emotion. <humpback whale song> Animals express
territoriality and sex. People use music to place self in social
matrix. "You are what you listen to." Chaleenge you to find the
viability in all sorts of music. You needn't like all music, but you
should respect all music.
2. East asian music. Chinese music is identifiable, even by first
graders. <example> Pentatonic scale. All pitched higher than
American music. No basso profundos in Chinese opera. Melodic. Rich
tambres. Straight-forward rhythms. Tourist shows are a way to preserve
culture. <example of loud Japanese music "eieio">
3. "World music"? Crusades picked up a lot of good stuff.
Mandolin, tympani, violin, .... But world music is the product of big
capitalism. A McDonaldization of world culture. All the same product
with little nutritional value. We will find, loud rap techno beat
folded in with indigenous music. Good or bad? Don't know. That is up to
the students here. We can all celebrate music.
Fessler: Class folder for
Global Studies has: Blank map of Asia.
List of all
countries in Asia. Brief description of first test. (Last day before
Korea.)
Fessler: Japan
(Fessler lived and worked in Japan for
a number of years.)
127 million people
area the size of California
but 70% of area uninhabitable
->Very densey popuated
~30 million people live where we will be docking
Negligible natural resources
no coal, oil, timber, iron ore, ...
Must also import food
Despite this, one of the most economically developed countries in the
word.
99.9% literacy
highest life expectancy
very modern society
100% homes have TV and phone
Nonetheless strong roots in tradition
How Japan fits in themes
collectivism vs. individualism
far more collective than US
identity is the groups you are part of
"wa" means harmony; extremely important
to maintain
no
disturbance, confrontation
hierarchy vs egalitarianism
very strict hierarchy in Japan
strongly affects personal
relationships
Japan History (selective)
historically a closed society (fred: so how
did they get resources?)
very homogeneous society (99.4% are ethnically
Japanese)
thus easier to be accurate with
generalizations
4 main islands; ~4000 small islands
descendants of Chinese, Koreans, South Pacific, Ainu
(caucasian)
mythology
formed by a god and goddess; descended
to Japan; bore Kami
Kami are the ancestors
ethnocentric (like all cultures)
animistic belief system - Shinto
thus necessary to live in harmony with
nature
(fred: needed
to conserve resources?)
650 BCE first Tenno (tain-no)
"emperor" "loyal son of heaven"
hereditary emperor
between 300 and 700 AD, regular contact with China,
Korea
Japan absorbed lots of
culture from China through Korea
landscaping, architecture, tea, clothing styles
adopted the Chinese characters for the existing oral
Japanese words
original name - Yamato "great peace"
later Nippon - "the source of the sun" "land of the
rising sun"
Chinese name for land of rising sun: "Jihpen" ->
"Japan"
also imported Buddhism and Confuscianism
specifically Zen Buddhism
- become one
Confuscianism is a moral
or social philopsophy
living in the "right way"
the person at the top is okay and everyone should follow
maintain the
wa by obedience; do the right thing to fit in and maintain the wa
only 15% of Japanese claim to be religious
700 AD: Japan broke contact with outside world
made he culture components
into their own
arts, crafts
roads systems
emperor sent princes to the provinces
the provinces developed
local power and began warring
1192 one clan leader took over
that leader made the
emperor appoint hin Shogun (show goon, "general")
Shoguante
periodically a new general took over as shogun
armies of professional
warriors - Samurai
eventually a hereditary
profession
and became the upper class
four classes, in
order
samurai, farmers, craftsmen, merchants
had to follow the rules of members of your class
eg: date to switch from
summer to winter clothes
lower classes had to "kowtow" to lower classes
flat on ground, face
down (or else head chopped off)
the root of the
Japanese bow
1543 - first westerners arrived in Japan - aboard an
off-course Chinese junk
guns, tobacco, syphillis -
left behind
western traders followed
1592 - Japan invaded Korea, brutal, enormous
destruction
beaten back,
tried again
1603 - Tokugawa shogunate (the last one)
ban all contact with other
countries
foreigners and returning
Japanese to be killed
(at this point, ship bounced
and music began, someone soon fixed it)
Confuscianism became the moral basis
for following rules
less
need to kill people as sanction
new sanction:
shame
giri -
obligation, duty
important sense of how to behave
shame plays a
role in society similar to sin in western society
kata - "form"
do - "way" (do is a syllable in
names of martial arts judo, aikido, kendo, ...)
chado - the way of tea
buraku - puppetry, must apprentice for years and years
precise movements
there is a form or a way for doing
everything
taught from infancy on
(music: "I don't want to talk...")
enryo - "self restraint" deeply held
sense of need
so as to not
disturb the wa
people more
impressed with people who say the least
make point with
1853 - US naval squadron in Tokyo bay
Japan was a
medieval agricultural society
US wanted to
open trade
Shogunate
realized they could not fight
1868 - Shogunate ends
launched a
major campaign to modernize
sent out
ambassadors
to find out the best and bring it back; adopted the models
parliament
banking
education
why invent
new if there is already a way that someone else has
by 1900 (only 32 years) one of the most
modern nations in Asia
90% literacy - highest then in Asia
militarily strong
began to build an empire
acquired
Taiwan, Manchuria, Korea, ...
1910 Japan
annexed Korea; occupied Korea until the end of WW II
especially brutal occupation
annihilate Korean culture, language, etc.
all names had to be changed to Japanese
100,000 "comfort women" for Japanese soldiers
Japan joined
the German side of WWII
so they could take over from European colonists in
Asia
"Asia for Asians"
Indo China, Burma, Pacific Islands, ready to invade India
1945 - Hiroshima - surrender -
emperor not divine
Japan began rebuilding
society
demilitarization meant money could be
diverted to development
from 1960-1990 economic growth 3x any other modern country
Japan is modern, but the social patterns are still there
there is a right way
need to maintain the wa
hierarchy persists
Collectivity of Japan - three segments
segment 1 - belongingness
need to identify with group or groups; company,
school, ...
ambiguous belonging not trusted: eg
Japanese American; or mixed race
meet often with group - solidarity
contribution to group overrides personal needs
Some Japanese signs:
Train station:
Please don't run when boarding
the train,
you might bump
into someone
If someone seems lost, why not
help them
Roadway:
Drive with a smile and good
manners
Good manners behind the wheel are
better than a fancy car
Park:
To keep things clean for others,
let's leave
our dogs home when we come here
To make sure this is a park we
can be proud of,
let's bundle
our trash and take it home
Private driveway:
We are sorry
but we must respectfully request
that owners of
honorable cars refrain
from parking
in front of our wretched and unworthy driveway
Larry Meredith on religion.
Started with doing a take on a southern evangelist to describe his own
religious upbringing:
(Exhortatory):
Devil is bad
take away the D you have evil
take away the e you have vile
take away the v you have ill, which is what you are
take away the i you have L, which is where you are going
Meredith went to Cambridge MA, studied under Paul Tillich. Your God is
to small
God is not a thing. God is being itself.
Confucianism:
Randy Moss wiped has butt on goal post at Green Bay (pantomime)
This would violate confucianism. Confucius say -- remain gentlemen.
Confucius: 552 BCE - 479 BCE
6th century BCE - a series of bursts
Buddha was a contemorary
Lao Tsu
founder of Janism
Pythagoras
Hebrew prophets
German philophers called it the Axial Age
Confucius was an administrator
never did get the job he wanted
did collect disciples and they wrote down his sayings - The Analects
Learning is the key to Confucian culture
no god, no other life
essential ancient secular humanism
Confucius looked to the past to the Duke of Cho
Assume there is a human nature
can be taught to do things the right way
Based on the Tao. The right path to walk in
talks of Yin and Yang
Jen?? - human heartedness Jengtsu - gentleman
a gentleman never competes, except many very
courteously
Li - the markings in jade or the grain in wood - the pattern
Li is the human hearted pattern (Tao is pattern in
nature)
5 relationships
parent child
husb wife
sib sib
friend friend
emperor people
all based on mutuality
based on trust
emperor-people based on rightness
I serve, but the emperor serves me
food, army,
DO NOT break the family
Buddha left his family
he is another story
born in Nepal as a Hindu
he preaches a reform Hinduism
names - Sidhartha, Gautama
4 sights sick man, old man, dead man, monk
Gautama horrified and leaves family
goes to forest and fasts to find out what's wrong
doesn't work
meditates under a tree and gets enlightenment
his words - Sutras - 3 baskets - "Tripideka"
the vision looks within, not the family
Sansara, the wheel of existence
spins in ignorance
108 human desires - 108 bells
also number of positions in Tai Chi
first noble truth
the only result is suffering: another birth, another
spin of the wheel
second noble truth
suffering is a result of "desire" (or ambition or
wants or will)
third noble truth
there is a way out is to get rid of the desire
fourth noble truth: the way
a new form of the Tao
umbrella with hanging cards - the
eightfold path
all the spines lead to the
top
top is another card -
nirvana - extinction, like blowing out a match
there is no such thing as a self
1. "view" - change your world view
2. "intention" - have the right intention
3. "speech" - say the right words; don't hurt people
4. "action" - right action; don't hurt
5. "livelihood" - choose the right one
6. "effort" - focus
7. "mindfulness" - notice everything happening around
8. "meditation" -
zen - stop the mind so you are living totally,
completely in the present
Coming to Korea
Almost half of Korea is Buddhist. And almost half Christian.
600,000 members of one church in Seoul
Fessler: individualism vs
collectivism
hard for each of us (American) to see ourselves as a
member
group gives support
Example: notion in Japan of lifetime employment
In Japan you are loyal to a company and the company takes care of you.
The idea of job loss disturbs the wa.
Only about 1/3 of Japanese workers are really covered by lifetime
employment.
Since the early 1990's, Japan in a recession. But no mass layoffs.
4.1% unemployment is considered
shocking, but is low by US standards
Mostly new workers trying to get
employment
How: a) low productivity
bow to
drive in customers
escalator
girls wipe the handles all day
loan to
another company
long term
training
(higher prices - pay
for more employees
Japan spends
less on social welfare
in large part, they don't need them)
b) Salary structure - base plus monthly
bonus and many perqs
overtime, commuter train tickets, clothing allowance, food moeny
these perqs can be reduced in hard times
can reduc labor cost by 30% without firing
c) unemployment insurance
govt pays unemployment benefits to company
company pays the employee
worker may not know they are out of work
full employment is one reason Japan is so clean
excess employees do the
cleaning
Fessler:
More about wa, enryo
More about membership in a company
All employees hired April 1
Ritual of employment start
Company song, sung with enthusiams
Company vacations and resorts
Kyoto ceramics has company tomb
"doohki" - everyone who started at the same time
start with training period
perhaps even a race; point is not to win, but ensure all finish
build group solidarity
all get same salary and same raises, at least 10 years
all get same perqs and promotions (roughly evert ten
years)
"bucho" - division head; only a few from the dohk
job is to maintain harmony
others become "window sitters"
window office
and few duties
(remember windows are less important)
"honcho" - group leader - "hon" group, "cho" leader (as in bucho)
empathy
intuitve sensing of the feelings of others
watch the listener of a sentence and change it as the reception becomes
less warm
American: "I think ..." "Can't you see that ..."
consensus more difficult
Japanese do say "no". But not so an American can understand.
"that would be difficult" "we'll have to think about
that"
The right way to ask is "Would that be difficult?"
so "yes" means "no" I can't do that
train station announcement
thank you noble passengers for visiting our humble
station
the next train will be here shortly
office
"Please excuse my terrible rudeness, but ... " means, "what is your
name"
In Japan, you can't go wrong if you apologize in advance before doing
anything.
To say something unpleasant
"tokoro ga" - "as for the matter at hand"
it has become necessary
can ask for "a meeting without etiquette"
and then speak freely
Reciprocity
"oon" (own) - a special kind of relation between people
"arigato" thanks or "domo arigato"
can say "I'm sorry" instead of thank you for a big favor
hand gift with both hands
presentation is everything
there is not much space, so
popular gifts are perishable gifts
a great melon
an ice sculpture
a paper lantern full of fireflies
do not give four of anything
four, shi, is also the word for death
no black and white ribbons (only funerals)
to repay big gift, can only give loyalty, obedience
(an "oon" relationship)
if individuals have oon relationship, then so do their groups
This is a root of ancestor worship
obligation to forebearers
hierarchies
gender, age, boss-employee
each person must understand place and role
"bun" (boon) - place - your place in the hierarchy
always address a higher person with a title, not "you"
could you suffix, "san"
in three person conversation, the middle person should switch modes
often they just speak to the higher
person
child->student->employee->bucho
change in identity at each transition
Three kinds of social situations
-- intimate, perhaps the year-end party
rules don't apply
-- ritual
ALL the rules stricty apply, maintain bun-place, ...
-- anonymous, where people don't know each other
rules don't matter
haiku 3 line, 17 syllables: 5 7 5
replacements for MS error messages
Yesterday
it
worked
today
it is
not working
windows
is
like that
Three
things
are certain:
Death,
taxes, and lost data.
Guess
which
has occurred.
A
crash
reduces
Your
expensive computer
To
a simple
stone.
Fessler:
tokoruga - as to the matter at hand
(a gentle reference to events two nights previous)
Haiku 5,7,5 (reconstructed)
Our
voyage moves on,
Bit by bit and piece by piece,
A family together.
Japan family
more like the household
a daughter-in-law in the house has "closer" relation
than a moved-out blood relative
marriage
expected to make a man more stable
lots of arranged marriages
less so now, but still lots
now the family may bring forth a slate of candidates
to choose from
{Fessler often uses "you" in describing behavior; with the implication
that "you" are the Japanese person you are talking about}
Western culture has lots of stories aout star-crossed lovers.
Romeo-Juliet and so on.
In Japan such a match is viewed as doomed
the two are seen as untrustworthy
and the match will be filled with tension
this is the stuff of tragedy, not cheer
husband-wife relationship
remember hierarchies, gender, age, so on
still true in a marriage: husband higher than wife
However, family is actually a matriarchy
children raised in a mother-dominated home
this has profound effect on entire
culture
the external display of wifely difference is just
public
privately the structure is different
foreigners see only the outside behavior
(home stay is unusal; home not often gotten into;
private)
wife's bun is the house; she is in charge of
everything
food, cleaning
husband turns over paycheck to wife
she gives him an allowance
for more money they go to mother
wife decides on where to live, what car to buy,
schooling
all
financial decisions
husbands primary group is the company
wife's primary group is home
Japanese husbands called 7-11 husbands
leave at 7AM and return 7PM
large expense account supposed to
take people out, get them drunk, and find out what they are really like
{roll sharply to port, starboard, port
{bump my port forearm on squareish post
having entertained others establishes oon relation
the guests owe the host
there are capsule hotels; beehive wall
crawl in, pull curtain, go to sleep
wife also free to work
as long as she has arranged for the house management
she keeps her own salary, too
typically cultural pressure not to work when there
are pre-schoolers
children's primary group becomes the school
day care centers are emerging
Japanese - group
when at home, husband may have "teishu kampaku" behavior
"petty tyrant"
wife defers to husband
any deficiencies in husband behavior is the wife;s fault
when children misbehave mother may say: "I am sad"
children feel mother has sacrificed and they owe her
if husband&wife get in a fight, the wife will apologize
husband may demand, say, "put on my coat" and stick out his arms
the failure to be a good wife will shame the wife's parents
Rather than shame her parents, wife takes on the guilt herself.
Wife is likely to see husband's behavior
not as oppressive
but love: like mother to favorite son
indulging him
husband is expressing: "amae"
no translation. maybe:
"actively seeking to be a passive
love object"
huge theater packed at 3 PM/. All Japanese there were women
wives whose household was already taken care of
are the women oppressed?
the wives don't want to change
younger people are sometimes electing not to get married
proverb: A good husband is healthy and absent.
Divorce rate is ~20 percent
Double that of a decade ago.
Divorce more likely to happen after retirement.
There are homeless in Japan; mostly retired men.
Education
collges competitive
only ten top universities
companies higher from the best universiites
admission by exam ONLY
not parents, money, or connections
(very Confucian
the people at the top must be gentlement
people must do what they are told
)
it is you rmoether's job to get you into the right school
from kindergarten on up
there is e;ementary. junior high, and higschool
5.5 days a week
240 day school year
(US, 180)
break in August, but five 4-5 hours of homework a day
curriculum similar to US
expected level of mastery is very high
assumption: every child can learn everything
perfectly
secret: hard work, not innate ability
if 298 of 300 students are reading at grade level,
this is a failure; there will be meetings
every child learns to read music and do math and whatever
nothing left to chance
dooh
one correct backpack to wear
one correct way to adjust its straps
one correct list of supplies
3 sharpened pencils (not 2 or 4)
all shoes point the same way in lockers
however
education ministry has decreed periods of temporary wildness
say 10 minutes per hour of running around wild
one child (rotating duty)in charge of restorng order
lunchtime - "honorable mealtime"
served by students in classroom
many Japanese schools have no janitors
children do the cleaning
bonus: less dirt in the first place
hon - lots of group work
multiple hon in a class
they present answers to rest of class
even for questions of personal choice
children taught Confucian ethics
deference to teachers
group behavior
ijime - ee gee may "bullying"
blackmail, physical abuse, mental abuse
about a dozen suicides per year
(in US about 5000 suicides per year)
less than one a year: murder of a school child
students 3-4 times a week go to "juku"
cram school
designed to produced excellence
exam is several sessions in Feb and Mar
"Examination hell"
only 40% of high schoolers take the exam
1st stage: one day test for all students
2nd stage; two-three days of exams prepared by the U I want
take tests for each school
tests are a regurgitation of memorized facts; no opinion
eg, obscure questions about English grammar
only 2/3s pass
can retake each year, if you like
"ronin" now refers to students retaking;
they have menail jobs and keep going to cram school
hard to get kicked out of university
because you have passed test and demonstrated latent
ability
can skip classes, can fail, ...
no dress code
largely free time
Tomorrow: Korea
Fessler: Exam postponed. There
is only one copy,
Prof. Lee Sung Ho
Called Lee Sung in Korea
Studied in US
Interested in cross cultural studies
Differences and common features
Think over the terrifying moment yesterday
"Immediately put on life vest."
he thought of his two daughters
then thought of colleagues, relatives in Seoul
Communication means emotional connection between people
General sketch of Korean history:
2333 BCE first kngdom KoJoSun
by first century, three kingdoms:
Kogorea (old Korea) - North of Penninsula and much
of Mongolia
China claims it as part of China
Pakje - Southwest of penninsula
fine craft arts and ceramics
sent many craftsman to Japan and
influenced Japan crafts
Shylla - Southeastern part of Penninsula
AD 676 Penninsula unified by Shylla
Kungju was the old capitol
2 hrs drive from Busan
Kodea dynasty followde and gave name to Korea
next 1392 - 1910
Chosen dynasty
adopted Confucianism
Korean alphabet
Seoul as capital
Korean alphabet: Hangul 1494
three scholars
ten vowels
14 consonants
phonetic, not idegraphic like Chinese
but still adopt some Chinese characters
Japan invaded Korea in 1910
continued for 36 years until 1945 (end of WWII)
Lee was 7 at the time of liberation
Japanese name is Masumara (pine tree field)
after liberation, split north south
then N. Korea invaded
Kim Il Sung believed reunification only by force
US Secy State declared Korea outside of US sphere of
interest
Invasion got almost to Busan
UN General Assembly decided to intervine
In six months, pushed North almost to border.
Then China get in to push South the UN troops.
There was the DMZ
4 km wide
GNP S Korea: 12-13000 US$ per capita
Koreans do want to reunify
Fessler:
comparing crime in US and Japan
annual, # per 100,000
Crime
|
US
|
Japan
|
robbery
|
255
|
< 2
|
rape
|
37
|
1
|
aggravated assault
|
440
|
5
|
crime in Japan is mostly group crime;
group crime -- Yakuza
multiple groups of gangsters
business cards, badges -- little pins
Tokagawa worked w/ Yakuza to eliminate petty crime
Yakuza gang crimes: extortion, prostitution, gambling, usury, ...
there are rules.
keep civilians safe
tip of little finger chopped off
fancy dressers
little interaction between Yakuza and tourists
Police
koban stations - around 30,000
little kiosks - neighborhood police stations
constant police presence
like the old US beat cop
police jobs
find lost people, return lost pets
give directions
"benevolent nanny"
fender bender, neighborhood quarrels
law breaker gets a sermon and is let go
law breaker is expected to confess
and apologize at great length
if you confess, seldom taken to court
if court, 99% guilty, but only 4% of guilty go to
jail
sentence probably shorter than US
will be hard-time: prison, no TV or
handball
if not prison: back to neighborhood
informal collection of
parole officers
you have shamed your neighborhood
expected to apologize and repent
some sent for treatment
drugs
arrested all drug users and pushers in the 50's
now very little drug problem
naikan therapy
about 7 days
isolation in small cubicle, about the size of a
mattress
5AM til 9PM. expected to meditate
structured meditation
therapist asks you to meditate on your self during a
particular time
and relations to all caregivers
think about
1 care you received
2 what have you done to
repay
3 what troubles or worries
have you caused those care givers
therapist visit for 5 minutes every
hour and a half
subject typically breaks down and enters an almost
suicidal state
that is the point of the thearpy
the therapist says
"as undeserving and miserable a person as you are
even so society has given you everything
to take your own life would be xxx
live as though dead
devote yourself to the task of living
with a lifetime of good works"
Using guilt to motivate people to live better lives.
Fessler: it is a good day
Lee on relations between N and
S Korea
fisherman
an east wind springs
waves get up a lovely swell
hoist the sail, hoist the sail
we leave north pacific
honolulu
spellings
3 kindoms
goguryu
bakje
sheilla
gryo (?)
joseon (also yi)
K war 1950 - 1953
Two Koreas remain for 60 years now
many N Koreans fleeing to China
Chinese try to send them back
some flee to S Korea
but they don't fit: don't understand capitalism,
free society
relations between the two
focus on economy and nuclear power in the North
1. NK is in hardship
experts think N Korea could not be worse off than it is
economy in tatters; raging inflation
outside pressure against nuclear project
Hudson institute guy: expect regime to implode within a year
K analysts disagree because
there are well trained military personnel in the N
education continues to preach self-reliance
5 yr economic plans again and again
fail because they control too much
disrupt incentives of profit
okay until early 70's
maybe better than S Korea
decline began in 1962
S Korea seized by coup in 1962
Bak Jung Hee
preoccupied with improving economy
pushed economy to more than 8% annual growth
around the same time, NK declined in economy
NK started to adopt reform in 2002
allowed private ownership and profits
bankers trained in international finances
negative side effects & eroded national philosophy
J newspaper said price of rice rose 550 times
K analysts estimated only 220 x
NK significant changes
capitalist concept spreading
computer game rooms getting popular
hamburger restaurants growing
many bars opening
2. nuclear problem
NK will continue atop GBush agenda
particularly to stop nuclear program
in 1994 Jimmy Carter went to NK
looking for breakthru
but: NK pres Kim died
no progress
not negotiating
were waiting for US election, but even now not
negotiating
estimates are that NK has enough Plutonium to make "several" weapons
Fessler: Eating in Japan
to order from window, tell waiter
sho-uindo no yo na
walk outside
drinking is institutionalized
rules for getting drunk - the way to do it properly
most common: sake - rice wine - about 15% alcohol
beer is moving up
(BTW do not mix sake with western alcohol)
rule 1. never pour a drink for yourself
pour for the other person
you hold your cup with two hands and the other pours into it
spilling is bad manners
concentration - we are in tume
take sip before putting sake sup down
lower person pours for higher person first
but guest is top of the hierarchy
may offer your cup for the other to drink from
then you may have more than one cup
cups start wandering around the table
inevitably, some people wind up with lots of cups and others none
there are spare cups in the middle of the table
toast: kampai - "dry cup"
an empty glass will always wind up being filled
to stop drinking, leave your glass full
all will be forgiven, but not violence
Now for something completely different -
short video of taiko drumming
apprenticed for years
behave as a group instead of individuals
(wjh: Somehow I can better tolerate taiko drumming than Chinese opera
or the various tap dance shows I've seen. Perhaps it is the flute.)
Fessler:
Good day. This is what
sailing is like.
Moving on to our first country. The United States. (Titters). Stir the
pot
and up pops experts on Hawaii.
Carl Grindstaff:
Maholo. Aloha nui. Welcome to Hawaii.
"Maholo" - thank you
Flowers everywhere.
Hawaiians will greet you with flowers. (For $10, -wjh)
We will arrive at Aloha Towers.
A few blocks from China town.
There are lei stands.
Makahiki - big party time - about three months
Captain Cook arrived during this time
around the time of the American revolution
he was viewed as a god
Captain Cook came back.
that god was not supposed to return
so they killed him
whales come in the winter
for calving
go to Maui and go see the whales
big industry
Another group of Europeans arrived: missionaries (from US)
first in 1820
Europeans bring things
Religion
Hawaiian alphabet is 12 letters
Disease
At peak, population 100,000
At lowest point, native population was 80,000
1848
Kamehameha conquered all of Hawaii (w/ guns)
Europeans convinced him to divide the land and have
ownership
Mahale time
split between missionaries and
Kamehameha
land began to be productive
sugar cane & pineapple
Last queen Lileokalani - no children
monarchy overthrown in 1893
Currently a social movement demanding "more hawaiian"
not clear what this might mean
Brother "Iz" Isreal. 800 pounds when he died
Makaa Sons of Niihau
Fessler:
for Faculty: get A/V requests to Sumner by 5.
for all: test is Wednesday morning; review session Tuesday night
back to theme: one world, many world views
China
you can help: Read global studies text on China and Hong Kong
can compare to Japan.
China is an old civilization. Continuous for over 4000 years.
For a long time they were the best.
Large landmass protected in all directions.
Long before Greece and Roman empire, CHina was already an ancient
civilization.
Names: Middle Kingdom. Celestial Empire(?)
Have never been interested in conquering or controlling other lands.
Will talk today about deep-seated, time worn beliefs that still
permeate society.
What makes China different.
Animism, Buddhirm, Confucianism
important principle: Maintain harmony (see Japan: "wa")
Chinese way to harmony.
Spirtual connection to the cosmos:
qi (chi)
A force flowing through everything in the universe.
Harmony means maintaining a free flow of the qi.
Do nothing to block the flow.
Be at one with larger forces.
Eg, Feng Sui - building decoration
All buildings, even the most modern, have design with qi in mind.
Accupuncture is similarly designed to preserve the flow of qi in the
body.
Also people should live their lives so as to be in tune with the
universe.
Live a life that does not block qi.
"Zhen" (schun) - shocking events due to pulsing energy.
There is a pulsing of energy in the cosmos.
Sometimes the energy breaks out staggering ways.
Eg, 55 foot waves.
Philosophers sought ways to deal with zhen.
- xxx
- Control emotions and behavior
- stay low and wait it out
Zhen is inevitable and impermanent.
Buddhism: meeting is the beginning of parting
lesson of Zhen: must expect the unexpected
and look to oneself to stay in harmony
in parallel:
Chinese notions of how to achieve social harmony
Chinese believe there are mutual responsibilities
of those at top and bottom of hierarchy.
Top: must preserve and protect
Bottom: must obey.
Confucius believed the people at the top must be virtuous.
he felt that a society run by laws is doomed to failure
those at the top may do what they can get away with
instead of what they should do
China has always had a hierarchical structure
upper has absolute authority of those below
father is in charge of family
in business, boss is superior
in society, emporer is leader
no room for individualism
System will probably work
IF those at the top are indeed virtuous
BUT leaders have been concerned with maintaining their power
exam was a pathway to the top
but exam is in classical Chinese
most don't know this
100,000 characters
at least 5000 needed to be literate
individualism is anti-social
Chinese conditioned to this system over millenia
rules strict
no moving from village
occupations inherited
travel needed written permission
arranged marriages
need to develop
guan xi (guan schi)
that is, personal connections with key people
still need connections
connection need to be cultivated
individuals develop web of social debts
amass reservoir of favor
relationships in China are about loyalty
more than love
fulfilling relationships are one way of maintaining face
per capita lawyers in China are .01 times that in US
China is at the collective end of the scale versus individualism
to improve esteem means improving the esteem of the group
In Japan a person belongs to multiple groups; family, school, business
In China, the primary group is the family.
A live-in daughter-in-law is NOT as important as blood daughter.
To know your place is hard.
Self reference is more confusing
age, gender, from mother or from father
different words for uncles on both side
there is a specific word for:
oldest male son of my mothers youngest sister
thus referring to relatives always reinforces your relationship
and position in hierarchy
in Japan, there may be situational changes in relationships
in China, a relationship always holds
family members include extended family and ancestors
"ancestor worship" is a misnomer
it is more like reverence for ancestors
even dead ancestors are dealt with as though present
important to keep ancestors placated
having descendants is important
so someone will revere you
need male offspring to preserve family name
Someone who knows more about China than Fessler:
Prof. Ralph Crozier
today: Cultural China -
The Relevance of Deep History
tomorrow: Revolutionary
China (Mao's China) and the Irrelevance of Recent History?
26 official dynasties in Chinese history
but we'll key off Honolulu and Chinese New Year
Chinese New Year is biggest celebration, is lunar
(official day this year is Feb 9)
twelve year cycle of "zodiac"
Time is not something that goes strictly forward
Time is cyclical
Take a yin-yang approach (w.r.t. Fessler)
so Crozier talk about similarities behind the differences
prop: Picture of ship--text reads: One sail, smooth following
small text: the fountain of wealth will broadly pour into your river
the hundred enterprises (everything) you undertake will all be
successful
small banner : peace descending from above
China was not primarily a martial culture
another banner: harmony qi - affable, harmonious -> you willget rich
"affability breeds wealth"
it is not a dog-eat-dog word
this is a bit phony in present cutthroat environment
third: "gung shi fat si" (gung she fat sigh)
literally: congratulations (and get rich)
So, how does new blend with the old cultural values
flourishing middle class
today 236,000 millionaires in China
starting from 0 a quarter century ago
service areas have blossomed
Taiping rebellion (the last "traditional" rebellion) killed 15 million
people
there have always been stresses between the farming communities and
the educated and city folk
long ago
gov't discovered they needed merchants
gov't gave licenses
individualism
"anything you say about China is both true and false"
there are substitutes for family units; eg guilds or political groups
BUT China also has a long tradition of eccentricity
eg, yung jo bao gui
"the eight weirdos of yung jo"
Taoism or zen allow for personal growth
but you are specifically going outside the tradition
and thus enforce the tradition by reference
group ideology
communism both reinforced and undermined family
with the "work unit" (dong weigh)
they completely controlled your life; permission to marry or transfer
Luck symbol needs to be upside down.
Fessler:
Exam tomorrow. Room assignments alphabetical by last name.
Be on time. 0920. After 0930 you will not be allowed to take test.
There is no make-up exam.
Bring a #2 pencil.
Crozier: "Revolutionary China:
Irrelevant Now?"
Lets take a posthumous look at career of Mao Tse-Tung
He is in mauseleum in Tianamen Square. (Or maybe a wax figure.)
Pickling done by Russian method for Lenin.
But from Vietnam, who had done Ho Chi Minh.
But viets left out an ingredient. (apochraphal story)
Mao is still the "symbol of state"
"the revolutionary past"
In the 90's, Mao Kitshch. Eg, cigarette lighter.
Mao statue during last years of his life
Seated figure in the mausoleum
Mao is now father of country, not revolutionary leader
factual content
revolutions
Manchu Dynasty until 1911
("what happened to those pigtails?")
originally conquerors from the north
1911 Republican Revolution (Sun Yat Sen)
SYS educated in Hawaii
pigtails chopped off
American model of democracy
failed in war-lord driven China
Nationalist Revolution (Chiang Kaishek)
"old baldy" according to communists
military seizure of power
Nan Jing, capital in central south near mouth of
Yangtze
1930s Japanese invasion of China
various failures
1949 Communist Revolution (Mao Zedong)
"Chairman Mao" head of Communist party
kicked out foreigners, including missionaries
Other dimensions of revolution in China
cultural:
initial reaction to Western advances in late 19th
Century
we'll take the west, but keep the
traditions and Confucianism, etc.
failed to work
later: syncratic - "take the best of east and west"
they don't actually fit together
wipe out the four olds: old culture, old customs,
old thought, old professors
food, music, cultural values
nationalism and national pride running strong in China
eg
in 1949: the Chinese people have stood up
now and got rich (well some)
China run by scholar-gentry
educated in Chinese language
land lords
eliminated the civil service examines
Communists implemented land reform.
but then they soon collectivized the farms
rapid industrialization
transform human nature - a communist nation
1950's "Great leap forward"
tripled food production on paper
but 15-20 million died of starvation
1966 "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution"
much violence by youth
ten years
Mao wanted communist country
but got backlash.
successor reversed it mostly:
remarkably rapid economic growth
resurgence of Chinese national pride
minuses
growing social and economic rifts
large floating population
not registered in cities, but
work there
crisis in values; loss of socialist identity and not
much new identity
relevant?
Yes, in some ways
still a communist party
representative of Chinese working class (but what is
that)
no longer class based; capitalists can join
a big "gang" that rules China
what if combine communism with capitalism
you get corruption
gong schi
in the west, the opposition party takes over
and starts with less corruption
in China there is no opposition
Chairman Mao: "Where there is repression, there will be resistance."
We'll wait and see.
Fessler:
A Mao story:
Mao ordered that sparrows be killed.
For three days the people created a racket so
sparrows would not land.
They died of exhaustion, fell to the ground, and
were eaten.
One family, one child policy.
Mao thought childen were good.
In 1970, average mother had 6 children.
By late 1970s, gov't realized they would exceed ability to feed.
1979 - one child policy
not a law, just a policy
communist party encouragement
implementation up to local officials
spotty enforcement; sometimes brutal
in general, need pemission to marry
minimum age of 20
written permission to get pregnant
woman gets birth permit and good prenatal care
can then register the child that is born
"encouraged" to sign an only-child certificate
gives three additional months of paid
leave after birth
every factory allowed a yearly quota of babies
bonus to all if quota met
unlicensed pregnancy
encouraged to get abortion
"for the good of the country"
sterilized, fined, or house demolished
exceptions
twins, triplets
first child died or had non-genetic defect that
prevented working
father and mother themselves both an only child
policy was a success
population growth dramatically constrained
now average is two children
but, imbalance of males and females
preference for male children
female infanticide or sex-selective
abortion
114 males per 100 females, average across China
some places 140-100
massive social problems
peasants riot, tear up birth records
women kidnapped from cities
inverted pyramid
child has two parents, four grand parents, ...
(used to be plenty of children, uninverted pyramid)
spolied children
in about half of china policy has relaxed
in rural areas you can pay to get a second child
many girls do not get registered at birth
communities now say that a daughter must take care of her parents
as well as her husbands
they are talking about inheritance of property by daughters
in Northern China: experiment with other population controls
eg, keep two children if spacd at least five years
apart
ratio 107 males to 100 f
and birthrate less than elsewhere
Hong Kong - how it got to be the way it is
Qing dynasty in 1700s
forbade foreigners
no missionaries or merchants
to relieve pressure, they opened one city (Canton)
China had stuff Europeans wanted
Europeans had nothing China wanted
China wanted only silver
economic problems in Britain
outflow of silver
decided to sell opium to China
flow of silver reversed
inflation in China
1839-1841 China seized 20,000 cases of opium and
burned
Opium war began
British won. But all they wanted was trade
Nan Jing treaty 1841
Chinese agreed to open there border and
accept missionaries
agreed to treat foreigners as equals
principle of extra-territoriality
criminals answerable to
their home country
Britain also got a little island off
the coast, in perpetuity
later British got Kowloon, indefinite lease
then needed more land: the New Territories
lease of 99 years - ended in 1997
agreement to give back all of Hong Kong
as long as stays captialist for at least 50 years
Prof. Rebecca Youmans: Nine dot
puzzle: Draw a continuous line of four segments that goes through all
nine dots. Think outside the box.
(Click the diagram to see the
solution).