- These lectures were
conducted at Semester at Sea, Winter, 2005,
by
Prof. Robert Fessler, Global Studies Coordinator. This section covers
the period from Chennai to Cape Town
- Most of these notes were entered
in real time during the
lecture. Beware: I get things wrong.
- Personal comments are usually
enclosed in {...}
|
essler
arose two minutes late. Most students were in place, but the din was
palpable. The music turned down and the quiet voice began, "Good
morning, everyone."
Time to talk about larger issues, global issues. But first: Adema, the
newest interport student.
Environment, Vic Fisher
Why we have the problems. Indeed, what are the problems? Later Yeomans
to talk about what we can do.
Hominnids. Lucy in Ouldavai Gorge. Footprints in the sand.
Walking upright.
300,000 yrs ago, homo sapiens.
larger brain size
earlier form, the neanderthal
30,000 yrs ago, modern human, cro magnon man homo sapiens sapiens
arboreal environment
ice ages in Europe
20,000 yrs ago demise of 60 large animal species
probably due to hunting by cro magnon man
13,000 yrs ago: cultivation of grains. Iran
then sedentary life styles
towns
food stored through time
infrastructures
specialization
religious systems
monetary system
needed for specialization
political structures: king, democracy, ...
resources in the immediate area of a city disappear,
go farther afield
lack of water
lack of metals
slavery
agrarian lifestyle desensitizes humans to environment
shelter, plumbing, heat
can modify natural systems
tigris and euphrates come close
about 2-3000 yrs ago
discovered one higher than the other
bring tigris waters to
euphrates
can do agriculture in the
areaq between
a lot of the digging by slaves
religions
"4000 yrs ago" because religions specify a creation
of humans
hereafter is better
encourage large populations
"go forth multiple"
no contraceptive
capitalism, profit trumps environment
need resources because of increased population
and increased trade
all factors make us less sensitive to environment
then come mechanization
cedars of Lebanon cut down for ships
trees of Europe cut to smelt metals
industrialization started late 1700s
exploitation of fossil fuels
more power per unti of fuel
fewer people used in production
exotic chemicals
rice farmer with three people can manage 2-3000 acres
plow in a month
airplane to seed and fertilize
herbicides and insecticides
environment loses still more
environment problems of today have become globalized
enumerate problems
1. population
growth 1.3%, 60 yr doubling rate
2. soil degradation
depleted nutrients in soil
(they go into grains and
seeds, the parts we take away)
wheat nutrients from Kansas soil
end up in
sewers of New York
using fertilizers
US dependent on other nations
3. deforestation
soil generation 6cm per century
but US using nutrients at 18 cm per
century
India has 7% decline in productivity every decade
irrigation has increased salinity of soils
salts from fresh water
eg. more salts in Tigris, so the soil salted up and
the empire disappeared
4. ground water mining and contamination
water percollates 1-36 inches per day
in some places we are removing thousand year old
water
{Prof Fisher added later: That is to
say: water enters a particular aquifer in Colorado and trickles
downhill toward the Mississippi. Hundreds of years later it is pumped
out in Iowa. If pollution enters the auifer in 2005, Iowa may not
know its peril until 2605. And at that time, the whole aquifer may be
polluted. There is certainly precedent. At the time of Shah Jahan, the
river at Agra had beautiful clear--and potable--water.}
mining water so fast that recharge lags
Modesto Valley
continuous
drop in water table
land has
subsided 21 feet
each contour line is 4 feet more subsided than the surroundings
similarly oil removed from Gulf Coast has lowered
coastland
ocean has intruded onto
land
by 6
miles
salt water intrusion
saw in S. India
pumped water is on top of
salt
quality of water is declining
eg, fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides
5. river modification: dams, irrigation
less volume to mouth
changes the environment
was brackish, but chemistry changes
organisms in salt marshes are sensitive
to salt
70% of commercial fish have nurseries in salt marshes
{
much of the US coastline is in poor repair}
deltas exist from natural forces
the precise ratio of sediment
determines whether
the delta
advances or recedes
dams upriver start the demise of delta
Nile delta has retreated
seven miles
loss of
agricultural land
the delta of the Yangtze will start to
disappear (from 3 Gorges dam)
6. depletion of fisheries
100-150 mil tons fish per year sustainable
now 30% of fish stocks depelted and 50% at limit of
sustainable
peak
year of fishing was 1980
{emphasis mine. we are on the
down
slope;
we are getting FEWER fish
each
year}
Grand Banks is closed; may never come back
there were plentiful sardines in California
Montery Bay
sported numerous processing plants
now no sardines
whale population depleted
treaty was signed
loop hole:
whales for research
Japan takes many for "research"
{
whales caught per year, in thousands; these five species are nearly
extinct
(the catch was low in the early 1940's because people were busy killing
people)}
7. extinction of organisms
"the final act for diversity"
8. global warning
CO2 and other green house gasses
increasing
Welsh miners used to carry a canary in cage into the
mine
sensitive to methane
when canary lies on bottom
of cage, the coal miners left the mine, quickly
we are the miners and species are the canary
{
OIL
energy usage in the US has been increasing much faster than population
energy use in quadrillion BTU; note the exponential
increases
note coal's decline as oil took over
the US uses more energy than the next three countries put together
one quarter of all energy is used in the US
energy usage in quadrillions of BTU
note that China's population is four times that of the US
although our usage is increasing, our production is falling
oil sources and use in millions of barrels
the US is increasingly dependent on oil from not-particularly-friendly
places
Saudi Arabia and other middle eastern countries have 67% of the reserves
How do we make more oil? My interpretation of some remarks by Fisher is
this:
- find a shallow sea near the equator
- grow lots of marine life for a million years
(need enough to make commercial quantities of oil)
- watch dying marine life sink to the bottom
- use plate tectonics to bury the carcasses
this takes (say) three million years
- apply pressure to the former life
for another couple of million years
the Carribean is a place where oil might start
but, waddaya-know, chemical runoffs into rivers
are creating an enormous dead zone in the
Carribean
no sea life lives, so none falls to the bottom
My conclusion: We are burning up your heritage at a furious rate. Just
one more way my generation has screwed yours and your children. No
wonder our birth rates are down; we are ashamed.
}
Yeomans
Transcending Global Environment
Problems: What are the Solutions?
Buddha refused novacaine: to "transcend dental medication"
Mentally US is in a US box
but physically in a global box
slide: boat going around the world
use a ship analogy
can put too may people
ship sinks
Bill Mckibben: (as read by Kenn)
This home of ours
each day less complex and more violent
planet means less than it used to
globe has come unbalanced
mostly us now
we have solutions, but we are not reacting to the problems
"carrying capacity"
number of organisms an area can support
not a fixed number
depends on weather, environment
planet has a carrying capacity
not just population numbers
also the footprint
on the planet
consumption of resources (energy, materials,...)
per person in a given area
compare the footprint of an American versus and
Indian (say)
population is a key problem,
but footprint is also a major factor
India may have less of a footprint than US
biodiversity is at risk (another for Vic's list)
solutions
1. control population and also control footprint
disease of affluenza
consumerism
forgetting equality, justice, equitable division of
resources
(assume that each of us can make a contribution)
example: The Watercone
eg Coom river water
(a dead river in India)
water evaporates from tray, slides down cone,
collects in trough
affect of poverty on children
180 mil children undernourished
3 bil people malnourished (about half of world)
not getting needed
nutrients
cannot make certain
proteins
"green revolution"
coordinated
effort to make new grains
agriculture contolled by multinational corporations
most profitable is aerial
spraying
ocean pollution comes from the land
there is a dead zone at mouth of
Miississippi
7000 sq km
nothing growing
so: watch what we put on the land
Challenge: Increase agricultural production without polluting
water
example rice
pesticide, herbicide,
fertilizer, machinery
all coming from oil
missed the duck-rice farmer in Japan
Takao - The Power of Duck
ducks for bugs
Azolla for nitrogen fixing
able to put fish in the rice
paddies
we can get our environmental ducks in a row
2. make agriculture sustainable
biological control
insects - praying mantis, beetles
birds - chicken geese
intercropping
soil solutions
slopes are bad
5%vs
1%: 3x water runoff, 8x soil loss
must protect watershed
Gatz mountains
water wars between the Indian states
wetlands are important
they use water and provide
fisheries hatcheries, and other benefits
use
contour plowing
strip farming and ground covers
have some forest on the
tops of mountains
resources -> industry <-> workers ->
wastes
eg paper companies
deep water wells (drinking
quality)
out to river
linear system, not closed loop
not logical in the face of
environmental limits
3. industries must close the loop
reduce, recover & reuse, recycle
ex carpets: 3.5 bil tons of carpet go to US
landfills / yr
ex: take an hour shower since neighbor might
fuelwood crisis
85% harvested in develping countries
by 2025 demand will double while supply remains
constant
4. solar energy
10,000 x amount of currently used commercial energy
methane problem - produced by anaerobic decomposition
burning methane could help
ultimately solutions are political
Vote with an informed mind
hard example: pro-life
what policies would you push for
living wage
better health care
if pro-birth, what policies
{ Rampant resource usage in the US is in service to arms sales.
Shortages will lead to war, war increases arms sales.
The arms industry is a strong supporter of candidates
who pooh-pooh environmental issues.
I do NOT believe that this is conscious behavior by
most
people in the arms industries or most candidates. }
Fisher: Kyoto accords
Rio summit 1992
Kyoto: cut emissions 5% below 1992 level by 2008
ratified Feb 2005
US and Australia refued to assign
US is largest emitter
Brazil, India,
and China are exempt {emphasis mine}
but China is matching US
in usage
and India is growing
rapidly
"we're well on our way to trying to control our emissions"
{actually, I think, we're well on our way
to keeping many lawyers happily
employed}
Fessler: there will be daily
Global Studies study sessions
1530, deck 5 dining room
Carl Grindstaff, Population Growth
chart:
population growth per era
annual gowth rates ranging from .1% in 1650 to
1.3 % today
years to double from 700 to
54 (was 2% and 35 yrs in 1970)
here we are going from Asia to Africa
the essence of who we are has changed
keep in perspective
how did all this come about {what is this}
major human accomplishment:
tremendous decline in mortaility
goes back 300 yrs and took off in 20th century
study of old england 3% lived to 60 natal
deaths 300/1000
life expectancy around 30
now about 85% live to 60
life expectancy in N Am fast approaching 80
natal deaths 8/1000
the other side of decreasing mortality is increasing population
Egassett
Increase in pop is most revolutionary event of our
time
B. Russell
most important of western values is habit of low
birth rate
if this can be spread so can the rest
of the good of western society can be spread
refer to book "History Begins at Sumar"
10,000 BCE
world pop < 1 mil
0 AD 200 mil
1000 AD fewer than 200 mil
1830 : 1 bil people in world
~1930 : 2 bil people
~1965 : 3 bil
then an additional bil per decade
Oct 12, 1999: 6 bil (UN est.)
now 6.5 bil
in another 50 yrs: 9 bil
14th cent england went from 4 mil to 2 mil -- plague
various issues like disease dominated population until very recent past
now: 130 mil born per year
50 mil die per year
thus adding 80 mil / yr
170/minute
almost 1 per second
around vietnam war, 20%
70 divided by percent gives doubling time
fig 1, the demographic transition model
stability has been the history of population
start w/ high birth and death rates
deaths then lag births for a while
then both rates are low
how many grandparents w/ >= 10 kids about 10% of students
how many of you plan to have 10 kids, maybe one
the transition model starts 1650
and transitions to equality now for western world
as industrialization, things that reduce mortality
salt, soap, fresh water, food storage
disease control through cleanliness
public health advances
clothing, cotton is better than wool
invention of cotton gin
germ theories
innoculations
hogher life expect than US: Japan Norway, Denmark
but another component: fertility
women still having lots of babies
over hundreds of yrs:
the "props" for high fertility get eroded
rural->urban
historically "flow of wealth" from child to parent
the past is a foreign country
90% of pop in 1900 did not finish high school
:modernization: begins to happen
conflict with high fertility
birthrate declines
{"fertility" is really not the right term}
Italy 1.2 children
Japan 1.2
Canada 1.6
US 2.0 (largest birthrate in industrialized countries)
education is the most critical
secularization {?}
changing role of women
crucial change
changes entire org of society
especially around child
rearing
changing role of men
to just be one instead of
power
developing world is in the middle of the transition diagram
they can import fertility controls
Grindstaff: "21st century will be the century of women"
if women are not full partners, we run risk of not surviving
half of people in western universities are women
summary: new population balance
low death rates, low birthrates,
increasingly elderly population
Susan Hansen, Gender & Power
slides in sans serif font: notes are
indented
1. Gender
& Power
One of the Multiple World Views
notes:
interested in ways values are affectred by power
esp. in women's access to power
2. Sex
vs. Gender
Sex
is
biological
Genes, hormones, external genitalia
Gender
is
learned behavior
Both socialization and enculturation
Norms
for
acting male or female in a specific social
setting
Varies across culture and over
time
notes:
went to Karolla in India
almost universal literacy
lowest infant mortality
no F infanticide; no dowery deaths
3. Gender
and Power
Enforced
by sanctions
Shaming, ostracism, teasing, violence
Defined
by laws
Property, inheritance, control of reproduction,
sexual assault, marriage and divorce
Upheld
by State Power
Elected officials, police, courts
notes:
in Iran roaming religious police would arrest women not entirely in
black
Definitions of Politics
Who gets what when and how (HaroldLaswell)
The authoritative allocation of values (Max Weber)
India: debate over role of religion
Gandhi argued for freedom of religion
US 2004 election: moral values were cited by many voters
4. Patriarchy
A social system
that enforces male dominance
Applies to
specific social sectors:
the economy, politics, religion,
family, law
Often justified
by
religious values, history, cultural traditions, or
biology
notes:
"God has ordained men dominate women"
5. Feminism
Challenge to
patriarchal structures and ideology
Critique of
male/female inequalities
Commitment to
action and social change
Varied goals in
different times, places
International, not just USA or Europe
notes:
roles should be of equal worth
not content to accept patriarchy
feminists are optimists:
believe social change is possible
there are moslem feminists
women activists in India
women working for change in Africa
not on
list:
feminazis
angry lesbians with hairy legs
6. Who
is a Feminist?
Anyone committed
to gender equity, ending patriarchy
Men can be feminists, too!
Many women
reject feminism:
Benefit from patriarchy
Links to men
in power
Accept
patriarchal religious values
Fear negative
media images
notes:
men have gender, too
male roles may be restricting
in Indian traffic, no male driver will ever let a female get ahead
Romans: women should remain silent in church
media images
w fear they may not be liked or married
7. Historical
Sources of Feminism
Education for
women
Advanced
industrial societies
Communism,
socialism
Global economics
and communication
Democratic values
notes:
top priority for communism is other than w.
but have advanced w issues
tv and movies have shown enabled w
Afghani w voting
8. Backlash:
Resistance to Feminism
Challenge to
existing (male) power and privilege
Religious
opposition to changes in women’s role
Fear of
competition from women for
jobs, education, or public office
Concern with
traditional family structures
notes:
rush limbaugh feels challenged by feminazis
they challenge his authority
religion fears threat to patriarchy
India: debate 30% of seats for women?
men with seats are not thrilled
S told that her position in grad school
would mean a man did not get an exemption from
Vietnam war
9. Examples
of Feminist Goals
Access to
education for women, at all levels
Better health
care for women, children
Control of
reproduction by women
Equal pay for
equal work
Access to
professions: law, medicine, etc.
Equal political
roles as citizens, officials
End violence
against women
notes:
even in US women earn 75% as much as equal male
not one occupation where women earn more than men
10-15% on Gallup say they will not vote for women
10. Examples
of International Feminism
India:
Oppose dowry deaths.
Adopt uniform legal code.
Gameen Bank.
Kenya:
End genital cutting.
Reforestation and agricultural
projects to assist women.
South
Africa:
Combat AIDS.
Improve township health and
sanitation.
Property laws.
Thailand,
Philippines:
Combat sex tourism, AIDS, child prostitution
notes:
in India, some laws relegated to religions
Kenyan (Pitt grad) won Nobel Peace Prize for work on reforestation
Bush admin has made combatting sex tourism a priority
Can Cultural
Values be Changed?
Yes (but it can
be very difficult...)
Examples of
changes in gender norms:
Sati in India
Genital cutting in Kenya
Domestic violence policy in USA
SAS faculty
Requires
ideas, organization, and power
notes:
no media coverage of Sati
so we say it has died out
{but how do we know if there is no coverage??}
rule of thumb: English law
can beat wife with a stick no larger than thumb
early 20th century temperance tried to reduce beatings
police training
anger management sentence for spousal violence
up to 1990s, SAS faculty largely male
S is only third female academic dean in 86 voyages
envision a different world before you can move there
conduct typical organizing activities
need access to power
feminism provides an alternate perspective
closely linked to power, political dominace, and role of women
Fessler:
-- Global studies study group 3:15 deck 5 dining
room: "the big crunch" global studies issue book
-- no class tomorrow
Alphabet
Soup:
Making
Sense of International Organizations
Andrew Narwold,
Spring
‘05
notes:
Try to give structure in how international organizations relate
Types of International Organizations
Sports (IOC,
FIFA, ITTF, …)
Military/Strategic
(NATO, SEATO, Eastern Bloc, …)
International
Trade (WTO, GATT, NAFTA, CARICOM, MERCOSUR, …)
International
Development/Aid (World Bank, USAID, WHO, …)
notes:
International
Trade
$6.3 trillion in
2000
40 times greater
today than in 1965
Asian share over
the same period 90 times greater
80% goods, 20%
services
Most goods
agricultural, raw materials, semi-manufactured goods or capital goods
Mercantilism
A system of
institutions, laws and regulations designed to limit international trade
The goal of a
mercantilist system is to encourage exports and discourage imports
notes:
We are visiting many of the ports and areas that were important in the
mercantilist days.
Adam Smith, inter alia, pointed out the fallacy of inequitable trade.
Barriers
to Trade
Tariffs (taxes
on imported goods)
Quotas (restrictions on the quantity of imported goods)
Subsidies (payments to the producer of goods for export)
Non-tariff activities (health and safety standards, quality
requirements, …)
Rationale for tariffs
a) raise revenue for the government
b) protect domestic industries
through raising prices of
imported goods.
Rationale different for developing and developed countries.
notes:
in developing countries: tariffs are a revenue source
in developed countries: tariffs protect local manufacturing
Gains from Trade and Comparative Advantage
--A country is
said to have a comparative advantage in the production of a good, if
the relative price of that good is cheaper in that country.
--Countries
will benefit from international trade and will produce those goods in
which they have a comparative advantage.
notes:
Comparative advantage can arise from:
Differences in
resource endowments (labor, capital, specialized natural resources, …)
Differences in
productivity of resources
Differences in
endowments and intensities of skilled and unskilled workers
Similarity in
preferences
Differences in
product life cycle
notes:
resources: diamonds in S. Africa, oil in Mideast, ...
diff. productivity and skills
India largest milk producer
but 1000 x manpower over that in US
similarity in preferences
consider trade between
Germany and US
similar cars, but some people like cars from other coutntries
trade means more choices
diff. in product life cycle
initial production is near the
R&D
later on technology is dispersed
General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Signed in 1947
by 23 original members representing 1/5 world trade
First several
“rounds” of negotiations aimed at reducing tariffs
Later rounds
included intellectual property rights and non-tariff barriers
Uruguay Round
(1986 – 1994) resulted in the World Trade Organization (WTO)
notes:
World Trade Organization
Created January
1, 1995
First standing
organization devoted to world trade
Membership
currently consists of 148 countries
representing 97% of world trade
Each member has
equal standing
Currently
working on the Doha (Qatar) round
dealing primarily with agriculture and
services
notes:
Doha goals arose because originally US had retained agricultural trade
restrictions, to the detriment of devloping nations
Regional Trade Pacts
NAFTA – North
American Free Trade Agreement
Canada, The United States, and
Mexico
CARICOM –
Caribbean countries
MERCOSUR – South
American countries
notes:
The bulk of trade is between neighboring countries
Gains/Losses from International Trade
Most economists
would agree that the net gains from trade far exceed the losses.
The question may then become how do the “gainers” compensate the
“losers” for allowing international trade to proceed.
notes:
In the US, both political parties had presidential candidates favoring
trade restrictions. This did not attract voters and these guys were not
put forward.
International
trade and the balance of payments
Closely tied to
the issue of international trade are the issues of balance of payments
and exchange rates
The balance of
payments records a country’s trade in goods, services and financial
assets
notes:
US trade deficit of $600 bil/yr
{$55 bil/mo}
so
overseas people are buying our assets
not significant for a large country
can be sig. for small country
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Created at the
Bretton Woods Conference
July 1944 in New Hampshire
Headquartered in
Washington, D.C
184 countries
represented
Designed to
promote international monetary cooperation
promote exchange rate stability
facilitate multi-lateral system of payments
Provides loans
to finance trade deficits in poorest developing countries
Tools of the IMF
- Surveillance
- Technical
Assistance
- Lending
Recent
interventions by the IMF
- Restructure
debt of developing countries, 1980’s
- Mexican Peso
devaluation, 1994 – 1995
- Asian Monetary
Crisis, 1997 - 1998
International Aid and Development
The World Bank was
created
at the Bretton Woods Conference, July 1944
International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
1st loan, $250 million to France in 1947
Originally
focused attention on natural disasters,
humanitarian emergencies,
post-conflict rehabilitation
By 1960’s had
shifted to poverty reduction
notes:
1919 - end WWI - reparations on defeated countries
led to financial difficulty in
Germany
& thus contributed to WWII
1944 - aimed to rebuild the destroyed countries
originally helped Europe
by 1960s, had shifted to less dev. countries
approach similar to Europe
usually inappropriate; series of
boondoggles
now more grass roots oriented
The
World Bank
Same
constituency as the IMF (184 countries)
Member countries
are shareholders
in proportion to the size of their economy
(U.S. – 16.4%, Japan – 7.9%, Germany – 4.8%, …)
Provides loans,
policy advice and technical assistance
Currently
incorporating
more
sustainability and environmental concerns
U.
S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
The Economic
Cooperation Act of 1947 (The Marshall Plan)
Mutual Security
Act of 1951
Separation of
military and non-military assistance in 1961
USAID provides
funds to other countries in order to
“advance the political and economic interests of the
US”
Other
Sources of Development
See Professor
Lang
notes:
next lecture
Prof James Lang:
avg grade in room 5 was 40. that's a lie
three themes:
get
into bedrooms
think small in a big way
remake the way we make things
most basic question:
where do babies come from
not made at the macro level
made in the bedrooms all over the world
if you want to have an impact you have
to get into the bedroom
free train will not get you into bedroom
building a bullet train will not ...
building a school actually may help
to get into
bedrooms, have to solve problems people can see
consider Bangladesh and Chennai
micro lending by Grameen Bank (Bangladesh)
interaction between bank and individual all over
loans must be repaid, on time, and with interest
experience says interest is important
pride in borrower
target group: poorest villages
landless and illiterate
no secrecy: open meetings
everyone around knows how big your loan
is
use pressure of village to motivate
repayment
each group of five is self-supervising
(various
everyone in a group is responsible
for every loan
taken out by any member
group -self selection, but not family
5% set aside for emergencies
much better than the money lenders
weekly repayment (used to be daily)
use: supplies, equipment for small businesses
over 2 mil loans outstanding
every borrower has to attend a weekly meeting
office is 100 sq foot shop - bank is very local
has started to finance home construction
house designed - won award
2 stories; first is 1 meter above
crowd
repay 40
takas/week
finance purchase of cows
India has 100 mil cow
owners
buy cow for 2000 takas
can sell milk
for 40 takas / day
pay loan at 40
takas / week
bank gets into bedroom
wife has income
changes dynamic of household
income
women tend to have a more family
oriented spending pattern
Carola - successful in India - matrilineal
high litearcy, zero pop. growth,
children don't die
2nd basic observation on Grameen Bank
think small in a
big way - power of cow
in US, we don't think about agriculture
but more land impacted by agriculture than any other activity
in Asia, the vast majority earn living in agriculture
70% of India lives in vilages (630 thou villages)
work in agri. can get into bedrooms
Swamanathan Foundation (about half hour from Chennai)
(swamanathan was director of int'l rice foundation:
green revolution)
rice production came to exceed
population growth
90 days maturity instead of 180 days
but: needs lots of nitrogen,
fertilizer weakens soil
Swamanathan found. supports infinitely sustainable
agriculture
Mangrove trees along coast
tsunami did much less damage in coasts with Mangrove
swamps
mangrove creates environment for fishery and then
birds
forest collects sediment and builds soil
found species that repel insects
(we use DEET and other chemicals
will villagers read the safety
instructions?
chemicals very dangerous)
neem is a natural repellent
stronger repellent in mangrove
preserving mangrove biodiversity
also preserving biodiversity in medicinal plants
otherwise use of natural medicines can
lead to extinction
india: 70 mil met tons of rice in storage
projects to enable people to get money to afford food
training in various agriculture
mushroom production (ues rice straw)
make paper from remains of various plants, including
rice straw
knowledge centers
little computers in hundreds of villages
resource centers for villages
Swam.Found. is both developing and transferring technology
it takes a long time to make people litearate
but techno-literacy is somewhat easier
parasitic wasps - 4-5 cards per acre
destroy certain insect pests
not trying to kill insects, just keep their numbers
in check
power of cow
small scale production
avg 1 hectare (2 acres)
can plant nitrogen fixer
small farmers can more closely watch their crops
can count insects closely
final example - local insecticide
recipe
5 kilos fresh cow dung
3 liters cow urine
3 liters sugar cane juice
3 liters tender cocomnut
12 liters plantain
xx xxxx
1 liter fermented curd
yield, about 20 liters. only need 3 liters per hectare
what about us
we have a lot of stuff
1.6 bil pens
16 bil diapers
26 bil plastic grocery bags
270 kilos packaging / person / year
776 bil kilos total / year
you students must be the ones to redesign
Ipod is much smaller than a bunch of CDs
a textbook imagines the world
semester at sea is entirely different,
much more ipact
reorganize how we make things
example: book not made from trees
we can remake the
way we make things
Prof. Carol Saunders, A War of Words:
Language as a Political Tool in a
Global Economy
Some Swedes translating African stories for themselves,
not using
other European or American sources
to avoid Euro-centric bias.
how do you pick a common language
if try to avoid English
you do it by using power
societal impacts of using English as a language
roadmap of today's talk
framework: Bradshaw-Campbell and Murray
English as a power language
English is official lang of air traffic control
works until communication problem
tenneriffe, 1977 worst aircraft
crash in
history
Pan Am landing and KLM
taking off at same time
Dutch pilot used
continuous present tense
"I am at takeoff"
controller assumed this
meant was he was waiting
pilot whould have used
progressive tense:
"I am taking off"
controller gave permission
for other plane to land
Tourists????
implicit assumption that providers in
other countries do English
Business
in Eur, 69% of managers speak English
Internet
Internet
metanetwork
connected over backbone
hard to shutdown
phenomenal growth
800 mil users
126% 200->2005
Languages on internet
English 35%
Chinese 14%
Japanese 8%
Spanish 7%
German 6%
but Chinese rising fast
Framework of Power (B-C & M)
rational - logical decision making
pluralist - obvious political
interpretive - control social structure of meaning
e.g., forbidden city sun
dial
symbol of
power of emperor to give time
people
believed emporer had this power
radical - beliefs outside a social context
e.g., Marxism
digital divide - geeks will rule
Rational Perspective (on English as universal language)
Arpanet was a US invention
NSF backbone
Golden rule - he who has the gold rules
more
US recognized as tech leader
1.1 bil English speakers
{ If the discussion is about English as a Universal language, why is
Arpanet an issue? Arpanet was conceived and used as a tool for
transmitting bits. It is true that many of those bits represent
language, but that is a usage artifact and not ever part of the design
of Arpanet. It is a fact that digital representation favors languages
with alphabets. Alphabetic representations were a key enabler of
Gutenberg 's invention of movable type. It could be argued that lack of
an alphabet contributed to slow adoption of technology by China. They
are currently, however, rapidly making up for lost time.}
Pluralist perspective
social power is linguistic power in virtual
communities
offical lang: a political decision
e.g., Eng in India and
European Union
India: 18 official lang;
Hindi 40%
political
resistance to Hindi
Eng by
default
Land and Power in European Union
Recently went from 11 to 20 official languages
raised cost by US$ 1.3 bil
generated 0000's tons of paper
adding langs added 110 translators
problem, e.g.: Latvian to Maltese
Eng is first lang by 16% and 2nd lang by 31%
unofficially Eng used for 60% OF WORK
Interpretive Perspective
internet has US values
low power distance
low uncertainty avoidance
{Be careful to avoid my personal confusion at this point. I interpreted
Saunder's remark as claiming that the Internet was designed to have US
values and to thus denigrate the values of others. Rather, the meaning
is simply that there is a fit between the characteristics of the
network and US values. This fit may well have contributed to
acceptance and advancement of the network within the US. Where else? I
challenge the reader to design a network that supports some other value
system.}
Radical Perspective
within 100 yrs, 90% of worlds langs will wither
cultures may be lost with the language
technology is not culturally neutral
those who cannot adapt may hit the digital divide
problems
Implications of Eng as Language of Internet
web design
offensive symbols
thumb up
stop sign
{English is not "the language of the internet." The internet is a tool
for sending around information encoded in bits. Each bit is either a
zero or a one. Bits are NOT culturally biased. For exchange of text,
computer scientists have worked hard to develop Unicode. It specifies
the relation between bit patterns and letters for almost all alphabetic
languages and a huge chunk of the Chinese and Japanese characters as
well.}
Steps being taken
making internet more accessible
sensitivity to other cultures
WWW consortium
The use of English as the lang of the internet
impacts power at a social level
however, it is possible to make the web more
culturally acceptable
How well do you speak Chinese?
{Web
technology does NOT have a bias toward English. A lot of talented
people
have spent a lot of time to ensure that pages can be created and
designed for any language and culture. And popular browsers implement
the cross-cultural tools in order to increase their user base. (I.e.,
there is an economic impetus for plurality.) Since the web was created
in
English speaking countries, there is a still preponderence of pages in
English, but that it rapidly changing. By-the-way, the web was
started by physicists at CERN in Europe. Physicists are another
community that do much of their work
in English, because the individuals have so many diverse native
tongues. Fortunately, physicists rarely control dangerous moving
devices like airplanes.}
Dr. Pat Curtin, Mass Communication in
Global Interaction
avg Amer 4.5 hrs / day
by HS grad: more time at TV than in classrooms
add iPod, IM, ...
what you used to know of world came from the mass media
Curtin studies how media functions
their interpretive power
how to they help inform multiple world views
media are a form of expression
1st amendment
only business protected in the Constitution
UN article 19 (of declaration of rights) says freedom of press
is a universal human right
XXX House studies the gegree of freeedom
20% of world's pop has free press
38% partly free
42% lack free press
Least free we will visit is Vietnam
Knowledge is power
in Vietnam, can get damages for a story, even if story true
in VN, not a lot of newspaper readers
because they won't learn much from
newspaper
VN citizens have all their email and web sites monitored
China, Cambodia, and Venezuela are also not free
in Venezuela, private media was in forefront of
opposition
now squelched (to protect children)
Journalists have switched to
illegal underground radio broadcasting
media control helps gov't maintain their power base
partly free
Kenya, Hong Kong, Brazil, Tanzania
corrupt gov'ts putting on restraints
(aside: corruption in Africa is due to remnants of
colonialism)
Brazil: partly free due to economic issues:
media concentration
mostly
controlled by one company, Globo
lack of diversity; many
voice shut out
Curtin has 7 FM stations available,
but six owned by Clear
Channel
no real choice
Brazil: 4000 groups applied for licenses
got no reply
fully free: Soth Africa, Japan, Korea, US
major functions of media
surveillance - inform us of what we need to know
Pope in hospital - why is
this important
watchdog - investigative
watergate
?weapons of mass destruction
are there limitations?
deadlines
so seek out thesame
insiders all the time
they are primary definers
of our daily events
economics - they must make a profit
half hour news is 22
minutes - including weather
20 sec sound byte w/ 5 sec
leadin and trailer
70% of newspaper revenue
is advertising
pages limited
by advertising
Raleigh
News&Observer - one half page of world news daily
only three stories on whole world
usually relevance to US
CNN expense of foreign
bureaus
since
AOL-TimeWarner merger
now only
one-third of former number of bureaus
try reporting on deadline two hours after arrival
we get a cultural shorthand of the news
we talk about "the news"
but really just a few of the events each day
third function of media
transmit cultural value
the "interpretive power"
media must create meaning for events
reinforce our original cultural values
tell us who the "other" is
thereby
reinforcing our own identity
example:
Curtin never before in India
had some Indian friends
some world history
a few new stories
nature documentaries
Bollywood - lots of
singing and dancing
found
not particularly friendly
no ethnic unrest
no disasters
no elephant tiger or cobra
not much singing and dancing
previous image not "wrong",
4th function of media - entertainment
transmitting cultural values through entertainment
Bollywood - 6th largest industry in India
2nd to Hollywood, in # films per year
lavish, long, cheesy, lip-synced, all the same plot
what cultural value to india
escapism and eye candy
happily ever after exists
fits w/ reincarnation
Bollywood has taken off in sub-Saharan Africa
African enterment forms
edutainment - radio dramas
radio is cheap
most villages have radio sets
community gathers to listen
sponsored by gov't or NGOs
include education: AIDS prevention,
crop enhancement
Latin Am.
telenovello
all same plots
trying to deal with like's issues
Venezuela - strongly Catholic
plots exploit "Catholic guilt"
everyone suffers long, loud, and latin style
eventually redemption
prime time six days a week
everything stops
all gather around - women,
men, children, maybe the maid
six month run time - not eternal
Latin Am. cultural values
? family planning
? preg out of wedlock
? environment
? social inequality
can discuss issues in private, even if
not public
today: overview of how media function in cultures
economic, entertainment
Prof. Linda Winkler, AIDS: A
modern
global epidemic
"Broken
bodies, broken
bones, broken voices on broken phones.
Take a deep breath, feel
like you are chokin’ Everything is broken.” Bob Dylan, Everything is broken
(Picture of woman w/ AIDS. She died soon after.) |
 |
(Pictures of children with AIDS.)
Today's Topics:
Statistics
AIDS in US
AIDS globally
different patterns of AIDS
AIDS inAfrica
AIDS is disease, victims, economic,
inequality
(picture of grandparents. children have died. now raising grandchildren
(picture of monogamous women with AIDS contracted from husband
(picture of teenagers 15 and 19; parents have just died of AIDS; older
brother left
(women do not speak to strangers; making bricks to pay taxes to keep
the land
(story of children: 13; AIDS since birth
(has AIDS, uncle is accountant and has a sponsor in US
(Martine: AIDS at birth, in orphange
(Aquesa. Lived in hospital for a year. now has sponsor
Stereotype: AIDS is stable problem
Not true, AIDS
is increasing. And increasing in US
More people
living with AIDS.
Not more
people dying, because of drugs
 |
Estimated number of people living with HIV, in
millions (UNAIDS)
1
million cases in USA
|
Annual
increases 3-6%
Increasingly,
new infections
in USA
are from heterosexual
contact
In teenage US,
occurrence is
0.1%.
Approx one person on ship.
Why is AIDS such a problem?
--Back in the bedroom once again: SEX, SEX SEX
It is a disease that hitchhikes on the
human drive to reproduce and nearly everyone tries to reproduce
advisee complaint:
if use
condoms, cannot have children
--It is a dormant disease for years, difficult to
track
--It spreads through body fluids, i.e blood
therefore easily spreads
through standard medical procedures
--The world’s population became much more mobile with
air travel,
mass movements of refugees
migration for work
What does
migration for work mean:
In Tanzania
avg income US$100/yr.
travel to work
costs $100 by bus. $300 by plane.
So workers don't
travel home. Often find local partners
localized infections easily
spread
AIDS
found in many women raped by soldiers
--It spreads from mother to child perinatally during the birth process
and through breast feeding
transmission
is 25-45%
(depending on
who you read)
unless
drugs available
--Stigma and misinformation
worldwide
e.g., Chennai has
est. 60,000 cases
yet only one hospital in Chennai
admits patients with AIDS
{ In The World According to Garp,
his mother dies of a wasting disease, implicitly AIDS. The hippie
generation in the early 60's had the mantra, "Make love not war." They
lived out this fantasy with "free love," unwittingly providing a
culture hospitable to AIDS. (Perhaps free love was yet another
example of males using a "religion" to satisfy their sex urge.) }
Additional Issues related to AIDS
----Poverty
does not cause AIDS but it creates a contributory environment of
limited resources
Poverty means
you can't get drugs
--The economic costs of AIDS are huge, enhancing
poverty
(loss of income and manpower,
funerals)
families are
pressured to have expensive funerals
dying people ages 28-40; the heart of the work force
--The social and economic costs of AIDS orphans are huge
--Health care costs are huge, particularly for
opportunistic disease such as Tuberculosis &
encephalitis, meningitis
these
diseases invade because AIDS destroys the immune system
“Are you unaware that vast numbers of
your fellow men suffer or perish from need of things that you have to
excess.”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1755
What is this disease
and what is known about it?
----
AIDS
(acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
-- HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)(HIV 1,
HIV 2)
HIV-1 is
common in Africa and is worse than HIV-2
-- Type of lentivirus, These viruses are
common to many primates (SIV, simian deficiency virus)
-- The disease leads to progressive decline of
normal immune function and the diagnosis of AIDS
-- The progression of the disease depends on
which form is acquired, general nutrition and health of the
individual, culture, economic, and environmental conditions
e.g.,
economics may control access to drugs
Average # of years from exposure to diagnosis of AIDS in
the West=10 years
(some
claim
progression is faster in Africa)
(many
AIDS
victims die of malaria or other diseases)
{in fact, AIDS
itself is rarely deadly
it just lets in lots of deadly diseases}
What is the History of the public
epidemic?
--1978-heterosexuals in Tanzania and Haiti and gay
men in USA and Europe show signs of AIDS
--1981-CDC reports unusual pattern of immune
deficiency diseases among homosexuals
similar pattern noticed in Europe
clusters of diseases humans rarely get and almost never die of
--1982-CDC links the new disease to blood term AIDS used
(853 people die in USA)
--1983-Institut Pasteur in France isolates the
virus (4251 people die in USA)
--1985-FDA approves first HIV antibody test blood
testing begins in USA and Japan later elsewhere
so
blood becomes safe for donation
(many early
deaths in USA were haemophiliacs)
--1987-AZT is approved as first anti-HIV drug
--1991-a second drug approved for use in the USA
It is estimated that 10
million have
HIV in world
--1992-1997-many
new drugs approved in USA
multiple drug cocktail use
death
of many celebrities
Programs to
prevent maternal-infant transmission (Nevirapine)
22 mil
people infected in world
Many non-western countries
begin AIDS
surveillance
particularly Africa, but
only in cities
v1988-USA jumpstarts its education
process
Surgeon General
mails out 107 million copies of “Understanding AIDS
one to every
known household
Origin of AIDS: Where did it come from?
Three known early cases of AIDS:
--1959 blood sample of adult male, DRC
(central
Africa)
--1969 tissue sample of USA teenager in
St Louis
--1976 tissue sample of Norwegian
sailor
--Best guess is that HIV originated from monkey or
chimp viruses SIV, transmitted to humans by eating or handling killed
bushmeat
cut oneself while butchering, maybe
this happens
with ebola
--Disease initially localized
Spread with movement of people;
High risk groups in initial phases:
truckers, migrant workers, sex
workers, soldiers
spread to wives by HIV+husbands
or partners
computer simulation suggests AIDS started in 1930s
AIDS
Cases Globally:Regional HIV and AIDS statistics
 |
Number of people living with
HIV
& AIDS, by region. |
Women and girls are much more vulnerable to HIV in
Sub-Saharan
Africa than males. Among infected 15-24 year olds, 76% are
female.
Most females become infected through their partner’s high risk
behavior.
women pass AIDS to their children
Patterns of disease transmission
patterns differ
here are three examples
USA, Brazil
(where there are excellent
education and resources)
Initially homosexual and drug
users, later heterosexual
Ukraine
Initially drug use
and then heterosexual
Sub-Saharan Africa
(Limited educational
opportunities and very limited resources)
Primarily heterosexual
Note: AIDS defies all stereotypes, each region has
variation that is culturally specific
“not one epidemic but many”
|
…“we
will weigh life for life and see where the dead lie thicker, among the
workers or among the privileged.” Rudolf Virchow, 1848 |
|
Cultural factors affecting
AIDS
--Sexual practices
First
age of sexual activity
Availability and status of sex workers
Other
types of transactional sex
sex for clothes or chickens or school
fees or lipstick
necessary because no resources for
women
Tolerance for multiple partners
particularly for men
"Sweetheart, the chickies are just chapels, you're
the cathedral."
Condom use and male circumcision
circumcision protects a little: better
hygiene
Homosexuality
spread is worse in communities that do
not admit homosexuality
--Marriage customs and age
Bride
price
man pays woman's family
in one area, minimum is a cow,
3 yrs wages
Levirate
and sororate
woman will marry dead husband's family
member
and
vice versa if woman dies
widow
allowed to stay on land if give
sex to brother-in-law
Polygyny
--Status of women
if no control over reproductive
life,
more likely to get AIDS
in parts of Africa, 25-40% first sex is rape
--Resource availability
jobs, education
need for cash income
medical
facilities and treatment
Why are women a high risk group?
- The fastest growing infections in many parts of the world
are
among women
- "For most women, the major risk factor for HIV infection is
being
married, partner has been sexually active outside their partnership and
is unsafe" (UN report)
- Females may have no control over their own reproductive
health
- Females may have very limited resources and engage in
transactional sex to gain access for resources for themselves and their
families
- Females may be sexually harassed and forced into sex in
many
environments including schools
- Because of patriarchal systems, widows may lose their homes
and
cultural identity (legal right issues)
men own the land (despite
what the law says)
|
Factors Important in Transmission
| China |
Tainted blood, Drug users, Sex
workers |
Cambodia
|
Sex workers, Drug use |
Vietnam
|
Sex workers, Drug use, Homosexual |
India
|
Sex workers, Drug users, Heterosexual
Homosexual
|
| Kenya |
Heterosexual, Job migration, Sex workers
Sexual abuse against women
|
| South Africa |
Job Migration, Heterosexual
Sexual abuse against
women |
| Brazil |
Homosexual, Drug users,
Heterosexual |
| USA |
Homosexual, Drug use, Heterosexual
|
What can be done ?
--Education programs need to be culturally specific
--Money is not enough,
need trained health care workers and advisors
sadly, people trained in medicine
often abandon their villages
--Educate and empower women
--Develop pragmatic programs
--Offer support and antiretroviral treatment
--Support an orphan
($200 Tanzania, $400 Kenya, $600
India)
Treatment - (There is no
treatment)
--Vaccines have been tested, none have worked so far
--Treatment for opportunistic infections
--Antiretroviral treatments
(lower the level of HIV in
blood)
AZT (zidovudine)
nevirapine
many others :-)
drug cocktails dealing with
combinations of many
Cost= $324/yr Thailand
(generic)
$3500-14000/yr USA
Medicaid: drugs only if disabled
Table. Estimated HIV Prevalence
and Therapy Provided
|
Country
|
People Living with HIV-AIDS
|
Prevalence in ages 15-49; Dec, 2003
|
Antiretroviral Therapy Coverage
|
|
Cambodia
|
170,000
|
2.6
|
12.1
|
|
China
|
840,000
|
0.1
|
7.4
|
|
Haiti
|
280,000
|
5.6
|
3.4
|
|
India
|
2.2-7.6 mil
|
0.4-1.3
|
3.0
|
|
Kenya
|
1,200,000
|
6.7
|
5.0
|
|
Brazil
|
610,000
|
0.7
|
100
|
|
South Africa
|
5,300,000
|
21.5
|
2.7
|
|
Uganda
|
530,000
|
4.1
|
18.2
|
|
Vietnam
|
220,000
|
0.4
|
4.5
|
|
USA
|
1,000,000
|
0.4
|
Potentially 100%
|
Only Brazil
offers treatment free of charge
South Africa,
highest percent
India, low
percent, but high population
Africa is in
epidemic phase
How do you make a program work in a
local area
Various pictures and their stories follow
Chez in Chennai
she adopted 2 AIDS orphans
and got energized
set up an orphanage
set up program for sex workers
volunteer to use condoms
empower to use
condoms
send spies (males)
to check compliance
Lutheran church hospital in Tanzania
30% HIV in the area (stats from blood donations)
limited resources
(UNICEF scale, for babies, the only scale in the
hospital
kids sleep on floor; sick and healthy together
picture: stark operating room
anesthesiologist: high school education, but 11 yrs
experience
health workers are routinely exposed
to AIDS
especially in obstetrics (midwives reach into the
womb, if needed)
14 deliveries\/day
people willing to work in AIDS environments
these people are HEROES
boots to wear in sterile space
take off shoes, step across red line,
put on boots
no hot water
no disposable gauze
everything is done w/ rags
AIDS
Control Office
Programs
Orphan support
Home Health care and Hospice
AIDS Education and Community Workshops
Counseling and Legal Support
pictures:
 |
 |
| Maria, AIDS counselor |
Haruma
|
Haruma was found abandoned in the bush
Nurses thought she had AIDS wasting
syndrome
others fed her
she gained 2
pounds in 2 weeks
now a pudgy one yr
old
Je
waweza kumtamua mwenye UKIMI?
(Does someone you know have AIDS?)
Fessler: intro to East Africa
"Jambo" - Good morning
now begin 6-7 classes on Africa
most of what Westerners know of Africa is wrong
most Westerners know nothing of the ancient civilizations in Africa
Africans have range as great as from an Italian to a Swede
before 15th century, Europe knew little of Africa
slave trade changed that
except Europeans had to engage in massive denial to keep slaves
had to deny to themselves that Africans had
history,
languages, culture, ...
Africans "couldn't be" just like Europeans
in order to keep up slave trade
stereotype of African as primitive
even after slave trade ended
because then industrial revolution began
Europenas moving into exploiting African trade
even abolitionists bought into the myth
they thought of themselves as giving needed help
part of stereotype
Europeans began to colonize African
to get resources
claimed "righteous ca,[aign"
to bring christianity and
enlightenment to Africans
not until 1960s that views of Africa began to change in the West
Africans emerged from colonial rule and formed independent states
second reason know little of Africa:
relative shortage of written of archelogical evidence
Egypt has pyramids, temples, hieroglyphics
so we know a lot about
ancient Egypt
lack of stone in most of Africa
built from biodegradable materials
little remaining archelogical evidence
now that we are looking, we are finding lots
ruins of Engarouka, northern Zimbabwe
huge city along rim of great rift
extensive road system of packed earth
oral tradition, not much written records
advantage: wisdom can change slowly over time
rather than locked into written rules {Leviticus}
but hard to know if the oral tradition is accurate
there were visitors who made written accounts
long before Europeans
Arabs, Indians, Chinese
in sum: we will begin by talking about Africans
not what Europeans think of Africa
East Africa
(not calling it Kenya and Tanzania
those are European constructs)
earliest inhabitants
Khoisan people
small in stature
light skinned
freckles
lighter hair
the ancient group in Africa
small nomadic bands
all throughout the Southern porition of Africa
hunted game in open grasslands
(most of Africa is open grassland, not a lot of
jungle)
gathered fruits, nuts, ...
once covered most of southern half of Africa
today: San people
10,000 BCE second group moves south
Cushites
taller
also hunters/gatherers
(note, in 10,000 BCE there were no civilizations)
sometime before 0 AD
Cushites began to settle and farm
gravitated to more fertile areas
till the land, graze cattle
interior and coastland
Khoisan were in between
in dry grasslands
100 BCE
Cushites had a few scattered settlements along the
coast
began trading with outsiders
sailors: Arabs mostly (from today's
Yemen)
some Indonesians
left behind a language in Madagascar
and other artifacts
eg
flat bar zither
import tools, glass
export ivory, rhino horn, tortoise shell
early CE, two waves of migration
Bantu (many dialects of language group)
{?? where from}
from 0AD to 900AD
occupied east africa
absorbed Cushite communities
initially traditional Bantu villages
~1000 people
thatched roofs
a chief, pater of clan
trade accelerated
Arabs, Persia, India, even China
long before West Africa had contact with outsiders
thriving cosmopolitan trading area
villages became major trading centers
Bantu made
trade regulations
tax system
guarantees of protection and safety
also some little trading cities started by Arabs or Persians
people getting wealthy
attracted permanant settlers from ouside Africa
esp. Arabs
often married Bantu women
develped a mixed population of Bantu and Arabs
this is the Swahili
an African culture
derived from
interaction Africans-Arabs
Swahilis travelled the coast
unified the culture along the coast
Swahili became language of commerce
and eventually the mother tongue
Swahili lang. includes lots of words from other langs
Swahili culture was new
Islam became the dominant religion
Bantu animalist beliefs got integrated in
architecture and building techniques were new
stone homes several stories high
laid out gardens
fountains, pools
mosques
stone piers for load/unload cargo
Arab dhows carrying cargo
larger ships from Persia nad India
occassional arrivals of flotillas from China
each city was autonomous
led by a chief (head of local lineagfe group)
but now called themselves sheiks or sultans
there was never a single Swahili country
inheritance some places male, others female
dress changed
Swahili men long robes, small hats
" women, long robes
gradually adopted Arabic writing
used for writing the Swahili langue
now: literature, poetry, religious
works,...
Swahili was not imposed
it evolved in place from the variour influences
some tensions between cities
and between coast and inland Bantus
war noticeably absent
no standing armies
no effort to expand territory
peaceful, thriving African culture
16th century: Europeans arrive
Vasco de Gama, 1498
looking for water route to India
at that time:
Islam all across. Spain to Indonesia
Europeans wanted spices from India
but travel by land
through Islamic countries
pay the middleman
wanted a sea route
Europeans had failed to travel South on west coast of Africa
did not know how to sail into the wind
fixed sails
other cultures knew how to tack into the wind
Portugeuse highly motivated
finally figured it out
1434: first Portugese sailor to get past trade winds
Diaz: 1488, got around the Cape
Vasco de Gama discovered all the cities
along the East coast of Africa
did not understand the population was a
mix
1505 Portugal sent Naval force to East Africa
instructions: make pact with Swahili against the
Arabs
confused
wanted forts to block the red sea
wipe out the land trad
the Swahili chiefs resisted
no match for cannons and arms
for centuries war was just a minor matter to Swahilis
Portugese had no trouble taking over
e.g., leveled Mombasa and killed everyone there
Portugese planned to take over the trade
trade diminished
because Swahilis turned off the supplies from the
interior
no ivory, etc.
Portugese built their forts and stayed
settled for trade directly with India
by end of 16th century, the Swahili cities were devastated
Portugal was eventually forced out
Swahilis rebuilt, but not to earlier extent
Inland Bantus
went to great lakes area
Victory, etc
separate development from coast groups
great lakes
largest fertile area in Africa
BUT: indigenous plants not sufficiently nutritious
or high yielding
not enough to feed large numbers of people
low carrying capacity (see Yeomans)
so interior Bantu did not develop large groups
did get rainforest plants from the coast, and thence
form Inodnesia
cocanuts, yams, ...
population began to increase
larger cities, social structures
fourteenth century
another in-migration
Nilotic language groups
from the north
came down both sides of Nile to Lake Victoria
mixing of Nilotics, Bantu, Khoisan, ...
each group adapted its ways
learned from other groups
Masai and Turkhanas
became pastoral societies
herding
Masai taboos:
kill wild animal
raise crops
"digger of the earth" is now a slur
(originally, Masai were growers)
use cattle for everything
Lu-oh
wound up on fertile land and became skillful farmers
for now we'll skip slave trade
four centuries
when the slave trade began to die
European colonization began
Europeans needed resources and markets
flurry of exploration of African interior
looking for resources
more trading stations
repurposed from slave trade to other
trade
get chiefs to sign things they didn't really unerstand
Sultan of Zanzibar ruled the east coast
German missionaries came into what is now Tanzania
1884 - Germany declared that certain areas were "protectorates
Cameroon, Togo, SW Africa, Tanzania
omitted Zanzibar - left Sultan sit there
British were wanting
Zanzibar
1885-1915 various European countries grabbed parts of Africa
France, England, Germany, Portugal, Italy, Spain
giant game of "Land Grab"
e.g., 1890 - Brits traded an island for Kenya
most Africans bitterly opposed being colonized
hundreds of thou Africans died fighting colonization
like native Americans, the natives lost
in 1884 the Sahili rose up
forced evacuation of cities
heavy German losses
German navy took over w/ aid of other Eur. navies
Maji-maji rebellion
protest among Africans against the heavy taxes being
imposed
taxes forced people to work on European projects
to earn the sort of money needed to pay
taxes
heavt sabotage
besieged cities
lost
in Kenya, Uganda the Brits got little opposition
until 1950s, Maumau rebellion
at end of WWI, Gemrnay lost its colobnies
but other countries took over
colonialism only about 50 years
culture destroyed
chiefs eliminated
forced to change life style : eg hunter to farmer
lines drawn on map
w/o respect to traditional tribal areas
now lots of tribal warfare since the boundaries are wrong
Example: one culture
small culture of hunters/gatherers
NW Kenya
part of Uganda
part of Sudan
"Ik" people
hunted big game in Kidipu Valley
now in Uganda
migrated in big annual circle following the game
small groups
because moving
huge nets across the valley
stretched by women and children
killed by the men
all children raised communally
hut location dictated the groups taking care
can change location every time one moves
which is often
colonial powers arrived
now whose citizen are you
who gets your taxes
forced Ik to stay in the hillsides of Uganda
made Kidipu valley a game preserve
forced Iks to take up agriculture
Ik culture fell apart
could not resolve personal issues by
moving hut
interpersonal tensions
land not good for agriculture
collective society evolved into individualistic society
dangerous to have baby - not enough food
so breast feed to age three
then abandon children
roving bands of kids of various age groups
people taking food out of others mouths
push people into canyons
nightmare: highly individualistic
walls between hut areas
starved themselves out of existence
(applause)
essler
was reading on the bus yesterday. A student guessed he was making more
exam questions. "Oh no," says he, "I'm making sure there is a lecture
tomorrow."
Announcements:
exam is on B16. Day before Cape Town.
study group 3:15 Deck 5 dining room
Interport lecturer for Cape Town
Chiwoza Bandawe
Psychologist, U. Cape Town
Last lecture, East Africa
Thriving trade center. EG, on deck last evening
Today: Slave Trade
What happened, why, and how
Start: What is slavery?
Holding someone against their will
and forcing them to do work against
their will
The slave has done nothing to deserve the fate.
(As opposed to criminal convicted for a
crime.)
Slavery has been around for along time.
And continues
E.g., sexual slavery everywhere.
Possible to consider levels of slavery
eg, degree of brutality
European slavery quantitatively and qualitatively different
Africans had slavery for centuries before Europeans arrived
howevr, European slave trade much bigger and more brutal
thus fundamentally different for what
happened within African
Slaves in Africa prior to Europeans
type 1. slaves sold for export
as early as 1000 BCE
king captured and sold to
asia, africa, and southern Europe
Aesop was a slave, belonged to a Greek family
slaves were prisoners taken in battle
in early centuries CE
steady trade of slaves North across Sahara
also from east africa in india and asia
small scale trading
did result in African communities in
Middle East
Zanj Rebellion in 1870 near Basra.
100,000 black african slaves
rebellion did not last long
slavery was a by-product of war
change in self-image: I am a loser
not a regular trade
many Africans lived S. of Egypt
and were captured in slavery
their descendants merged into Egyptian society
growth of Islam stimulated slave trade into N. Africa
Moslems needed cheap labor for engineering projects
African slaves brought across the Sahara
African slaves constituted units in Islamic military
a slave could rise to positions of
power and prestige
within Africa there was still slavery
form (a) most slaves were conquered people
(more than
just captured soldiers)
were looked down on and
only could get lowest jobs
form (b) prisoners taken in battle
taken back to conqueror's homeland
palace guards, presonal servants to king
could rise to positions of power and
prestige
confidants, insiders in
the court
some slaves had slaves of their own
descendants of slaves would melt into larger
population
slaves were part of the chief's wealth and power
so king had a vested interest
in keeping
slaves healthy and working hard
master-slave relation was an accepted part of society
being a slave was a change in personal identity
not something unexpected
In the pre-European slave trade,
slavery was an
identity, not a commodity
--The Europeans arrived--
Europeans couldn't sail into the wind
couldn't get past Morocco
eventually learned how and
sent expeditions increasingly far south
(remember: East coast had lots of trading cities)
On west coast
no cities or large towns
no deep harbors
rivers seldom navigable for more than a mile or so
most of the wealth and civilizations were in the interior
As Portugese travelled south, there was nothing to conquer
there was trading
anchor off-shore
trade via small boats
physically difficult to get inland
thick rain forest
local Africans exagerated the thickness of the forest
didn't want Europeans to deal directly with inland
civilizationss
Portugese established a few small trading posts
by 1500, Portugal firmly established all around Africa
Other European countries traded mainly in Europe
Spain focussed on the new world
1450-1600 African connected to Europe through Portugal
Spain took over Portugal by marriage
in 1588 English defeated Spanish armada
Spain lost ships
began to lose control of trade w/ India
began to lose control of African coast
soon many (hundreds) European trading posts
from Senegal
to Angola
on land rented from local chiefs or kings
treaty or contract
acknowledged sovereignty
of the chief
interior of W. Africa populated with thriving
agricultural societies
linked in a huge trade system
center was inland
headwaters of the coastal rivers
kingdoms on coast were part of trade system
peripheral, poorer
saw Europeans as a way to get wealthy
become middlemen
what did Europe sell?
luxury items
cloth, tools, and similarly
coastal chief could get wealth by
having/selling these things
gun powder, guns, ammo
increased the power of the coastal
kingdoms
local production began to dry
eg, there was an iron industry
it became less valuable as
imports became cheaper than local production
similarly cloth
Africans became dependant on Europeans
Europeans getting
gold, ivory, beeswax, slaves
from the beginning slaves were part of the trade goods
early Portugese knew they could bring back slaves
but not much demand in Europe
Europeans colonized islands
needed slaves to run the works
slave trade really developed
with the
exploration and settlement of the Americas
Europeans set up mines and plantations
needed slaves
indigenous people died off quickly
European diseases
thru the sixteenth century slave trade grew
European capture of slaves dried up
mostly the slaves were captured by ither Africans
trade triangle
leg 1. Manufactured goods from Europe to Africa
traded for slaves
leg 2. slaves carried to Americas
sold for sugar, tobacco, gold, etc.
leg 3. goods from the Americas to Europe
and on around again
profits in order: Europeans, Americans, Africans
the slave trade was called
"The Middle Passage"
lasted for four centuries (1451-1870)
big business
not renegades capturing a few slaves
licensed by the Europena governments
capturing slaves not new
treatment was new
long marches to coast
warehoused on the coast
slaves became a cargo and were so treated
volume of captured slaves was massive
during 1451-1870
about 10 mil Africans brought to Americas as slaves
3.5 mil went to Brazil (Portugese)
mostly to Salvador
(Bahia)
3.5 mil to Carribean
1.5 mil to Spanish Amer
Mexico, etc
.5 mil to US and Canada
another mil to scattered places
mortality rates high in Carribean and Brazil
so they needed more slaves delivered
in order to
wind up with they needed
est.: 15% died going across Atlantic
crammed into slaving ships
starved, suffocated
many Africans died in capture battles, marches, and coastal warehouses
est.: one died for each one delivered to Americas
(22 mil Africans gone)
Slave trade shifted from West to East Africa
market reached saturation in the Americas
French colonized islands in Indian Ocean
many slaves from East Africa went to East Indies
Zanzibar became a major market
est: 2 mil Africans shipped from East Africa
by 1810, slave trade began to decline
rapid, sharp drop in 1840
aolishionists had no impact until there was a drop in demand
slavery stopped being profitable
slave trade declared illegal in US after 1810 {S Hansen says 1808}
Brazil in 1870 {? 1877 S} was last to declare the trade illegal
what if slave trade never happened?
we'll never know
the most enduring effect was the attitudes developed
among Europeans, and among Africans
you cannot enslave people and still consider yourself a Christian
society
you have to dehumanize the slaves
this is central difference between early
intra-African slavery
and the European slave trade
all sorts of derogatory beliefs about Africans
arose in Europe and the Americas
Introduce inter port student
Naro Manjate, please make her welcome
Today, music.
Prof. Dennis Waring, "I'm so glad to
be in Africa"
Please welcome my main squeeze, Susan.
music and sensibility of subsaharan Africa
broad strokes: music and African sensibility
Africans exhibit an unabashed exuberance of spirit and sexuality
dances have a lot to do w/ celebrations of our bodies
not the hesitation seen in other cultures
very different from Asia
different sense of what they think of as beauty
in asia all instuments play the same melodies
in India music is complex beyond imagination
highly theorized rhythms, elaborate raga scales
we are in Africa
rhythm rules the day
questions:
How many forms of music in USA culture
have their roots in African culture?
And what would we be listening to and buying if not for the huge
infusion of African & African/American sensibiity
the one positive outcome from the importation of slaves:
the import of African music
kinds of muswic imported
spirituals / work songs / field hollers
blues
delta
chicago
even Stephen Foster
minstrel show
ragtime
(a precursor to jazz)
broadway
louis armstrong
new orleans jazz
count bassie
big band
bebop
free jazz
rock and roll
elvis presly
r&b
motown
soul
funk
rave
rap
appalachin music
seemingly quintessentail American music
back beat
boom checka boom checka boom
not from British isles
pure african back beat
plethora of world musics
example music
(sounds like) "mackinaw"
music of "your" generation
rap and hip-hop
rap has affected the whole world
has value for mrginalized subcultures
rap goes back to African roots
Jali
Grioze (sp?)
muscial diplomats - represent chiefs
Jamaica
dub music
dj
turntableism
grafitti
break dancing
this contemporary form of music (rap)
is pure African sensibility
(haven't begun with Latin American music)
bottom line: without African, what music would we have
puritan hymns?
Africa has had many challenges
3 times size of USA
4 millions yrs of life in Africa
600 mil people
religions
animists, protestants, catholics
when you talk religion, you music talk about music
music is the conduit, the telephone to the spirit
world
hieerarchy of musical styles
all africa
then:
music of west Africa
its own drumming traditions
east Africa
we were there
central Africa
has some common traits
southern Africa
we are going their
further breakdown by tribes
African began a target for exploitation in eighteenth century
boundaries drawn without regard to tribal areas
mon-dai area of west Africa split to several countries
suppose someone comes in and says
your belief systems
your gods
your language
are all obsolete
forced to speak different languages on the two sides of a street
ruthless enforcement
impose
schools, languages, political systems, religions, ..
Waring has a problem with calling Africans "primitve people"
they have far more clever ways of survival
how long would a westerner last if dropped
into a desert or onto a
mountain
far more sophisticated than our own culture
how to think about African music
different classification categories
no "classical music"
but there is royal music
(segment plays: drumming)
rhythms in Africa are much more sophisticated than those in western
culture
lots of repetition
repetition has power
constant variations going on
in oral traditions, music is crucial to creating outcomes
music is highly maintained and profesionalized
llittle embellishment in African music
drum jams are not African music
little improvization
only master drummer varies
and he does it the same way every time
the beat may change from time to time
uses of music
rites of passage
(adolescence is an invention of
the 1950s)
real passage rites involve pain
celebrate nature's bounty
entreat spirits for crops
hunters, royalty
women
some drums to be played only by women
work
politics, maintenance of status
eg, American president: Hail to th Chief
education
engage both halves of brain to learn
things
another dimension
music as another voice
another way to express oneself
music takes us back to being human
differentiate from animals
we are all genetically African
has to do with rhythm
cosmic in proportion
heavenly rhythms
what repeats trhoughout universe
rhythm is points in time
periodicity of stars, planets, seaons, tides,
rhythms of bodies: heartbeat,
da dung da dung da dung da dung
rhythm of making love
holidays christmas
annual sporting events
rhythms of life adopted into music
puritans scared of rhythm
scared of anything fun
Waring loves to camp out in woods a lot
loves to sit around and listen to the nocturnal sounds
insects, frogs
ribbit ribbit ribbit ribbit
che che che chee che
chee
phygh pah phygh pah
click click chuck click click chuck
suppose you're a hominid on plains of Africa
remember how minute you were in the vast landscape
environment threatening
early humans tried to befriend the threatening items
reflect the sounds and movements of the natural
things about them
all the rhythms were important
can hear before you can see an animal
spirits in nature weere assumed to be assuaged and friendly
pygmy in forests of Africa
they know the forest is a friend
when the forest goes to sleep, it may be bad
molino rites: play trumpet in forest to wake it
pygmys are not hierarchic
other tribes dress in feathers, wear skins
make instruments from natural objects
gourds, elephant tusks, skins for
drumheads
become a part of nature
not apart from nature
when did the West decide to conquer nature
Animism was first of the belief systems
why is it not capitalized?
Animism suggests that the forces of nature permeate everything
including you and me
what is, IS
the forces of nature are God
in Ghana, if chop tree for drum
offer libations to the tree
say prayers
explain to tree that it will be used for good purpose
blessed and prayed over and sung over throughout
process
decoration stnading for certain pieces of wisdom
drum eye is faced out to chief or master drummer
the drum AND its sound are beings
unique: polyrhythms
many rhythms piled on top of each other
they finally come together in a beatiful whole
(like building cloth from pieces)
bring on the drummers
the drums are like a fmaily
father mother sons brothers sisters
how the bits fit together
dance = sing = play
"gahoo wey"
"hey dog bey"
bells are the central beat
gourd rattles
layers of drums
more on pre-port
model: transatlantic triangle
Europe, Africa, Americas
music fluid around the Atlantic for centuries
capitals in Europe
have music industries featuring Africans freed from
their local politics
quickened w/ advent of radio
CDs and internet has opened it all wide
Waring nervous about some things
disco-ification of Asian music
uneasy when he sees ancient traditions
eroded and disappearing
he has faith in hman spriti
sameness will be abhorent to human psyche
something new will result
lastly Village Choir
singing African song
composed 1897
nat'l anthem of Zambia
the most meaingful song from S. Africa
power surpassing local politics
come spirit and bless Africa, bless us
{doesn't come close to the village welcome song in Gods Must be Crazy}
I
South africa
14% white 86% non-white
1994 first democratic election in S. Africa
ended 3.5 centuries of white minority rule
had a long history
of institutionalized racism
how did it come about?
way back
original inhabitants - two closely related tribes
San - nomadic hunter gathers
Khoi - semi-nomadic hunters and pastoralists
ie herds of cattle and
sheep
co-existed for centuries
often referred to as simply Khoisan
oldest inhabitants of Africa
cave paintings up ti 70,000 yrs old
300 BCE
Bantu began to move into southern Africa
Bantu were farmers
300 different dialects of Bantu
major dialects
xhosa
sotho
zulu
had knowledge of iron
had tools
the tribes split the territory
the San moved to drier inland areas
Khoi moved to west coast
Bantu remained in the east part
the groups more-or-less got along
continued undisturbed until fifteenth century
Portugese arrived
Diaz and De Gama both stopped at the cape
didn't stay
for the next hundred yrs, no Portugese stayed
no wealth
locals grew suspicious and distrustful
& esp. waters around Cape were treacherous
many shipwrecks
so stopping was not a welcome thing to
do
1588
British defeated Spanish Armada
Spanish king was temporarily ruling Portugal
Portugese ships were sunk in the defeat of the Armada
Portugese lost sailing capability
so other European countries moved into Africa
in S. Africa the dutch moved in
Dutch East India Company
(similar to British EAC)
Dutch EAC traded with East Indies
(not so much India)
1648
Dutch ship wrecked while going around cape
survivors made it to land
not picked up for a year
survived
explained that it was possible to live in S. Africa
Dutch gov't decided to make a settlement
a good stopping off point for voyages
1652 DEAC sent ships to establish settlement
built hospital
marked the navigation channels
grew food
bartered with the local Khoi
settlers from Holland were encouraged to go the colony
given free land
initially 35 mile radius from Cape Town
but later settlers needed more land
and moved further
took Khoi grazing lands
Khoi fought back
Khoi lost
"Trek Boers" was the name for those beyond 35 miles
staked out huge farms in interior
needed cheap labor force
so they got slaves
local Khoi (though DEAC forbid this)
from south Asia, indonesia
Trek Boers evolved a culture of their own
diverged from Dutch roots and Cape Town
independent souls
like American wild west
tough people
isolated homesteads
polygamy
indigenous African dress
language began to change
evolved to be Afrikaans
mixture of 16th cent. dutch, german, english,
protugese
malay, Khoi
Trek Boers called themselves "Afrikaaners"
Afrikaaners easily subdued the Khoi
eventually ran into the Bantu
Bantu counted wealth in cattle
needed grazing land
fighting arose
Xhosa were beating back the Afrikaaners
Afrikaaners appealed to Cape Town for help,
did not get it
1815
DEAC failing financially
Holland lessening as world power
Britain rising
1815, Britain bought Cape Town for 6 mil pounds
wanted strategic location of Cape Town
some Brits moved to Cape Town
British did not want to rule Africans
just wanted to push them back
Dutch settlers disliked Brit rule
esp. when Brits outlawed slavery
1836
horde of Boers decided to move further inland
"The Great Trek"
six years
large wagon trains of Boers moving to
interior
to get out of British
control
about a third of the Boers
moved into areas controlled by the Bantu
in Natal, the Boers ran into the Zulus
Zulus were a poerful empire
ten years earlier Zulus were just another little tribe
Shaka
young chief
brilliant warrior
formed Zulus into powerful force
changed from spears to swords
innovated the outflanking maneuver
{also used by Alexander}
Zulus became a powerful empire
other tribes simply conceded
Mfecane - "the crushing"
the time when Africans fighting
Zulus were winning
Shaka killed by his half-brother
Zulus began ambushing the Boers
Boers asked for help
got guns and resources from other Boers
guns defeated swords (as always)
"Battle of Blood River"
3000 dead Zulus, no dead Boers
Boers eventually set up two interior independent states
Transvaal
Orange Free State
slavery legal
no rights for Africans
constitution
"the people desire to permit no
equality"
for blacks
meanwhile, back in the Cape area
Brits had farms
no slavery
imported "cheap labor"
from INdia, China
low wages, haard work
(close to
slaves)
1867 diamonds found
on a bit of land claimed by everybody
focus switched from agr to mining
Brits finally annexed the diamond area
huge influx of people
all sorts of associated industry
labor in the mines was racially divided
blacks unskilled - down in mines
white skilled - not in mines
1886
world's largest gold depsit discovered in Transvaal
same racial diivisions
Boers gave ultimatum to Brits
get your troops out
1892
two Boer states declared war on Britain
Brits expected to win easily
but war lasted 3 years
bloody
Brits adopted scorched earth policy
rounded up women and children
concentration camps
thousands died
especially ugly and brutal war
Africans joined Brit side
the lesser of two evils
1910 - Brits decide to leave S. Africa
decide to make S. Africa an independent state
unoin of cape area, Transvaal, Orange Free Sate,
Natal
two languages: Dutch & English
non-whites could not vote
one poilitcal party: Nationalists - Afrikaaners
white supremacists
1948 - Nationalists won
campaigned on platform of apartheid
institutionalize
separation of the races
put this separatino into
the constitution
started making laws right after they won
four categories
White
Colored - mixed races
Asian
Native - black (75%
of population)
your category determined what laws applied to you
example law:
job discrimination
only whites could do skilled jobs
education different for each category
blacks got less since they could not
get skilled jobs
several generations of black
systematically undereducated
sex and marriage between categories was banned
discrimination in all public buildings
segregation as to where you could live
people were massivley moved
Prof. Bandawe, the interport
lecturer
"The challenges to
the field of psychology
raised by the end of apartheid"
applies to many other subjects
one decade later
stock-taking time
mark of any subject is its practical relevance
problem for the humanities
psychology is a humanity
and came from the west
therefore not interesting to Africans
doesn't address poverty
life expectancy
disease
constant challenge to psychology that it should address realities
How psychology contributed to maintaining the old inequalities
Apartheid involved all systems in getting legitamacy
Psych started in S. Africa in 1920s
started w/ psych testing
many whites mentally defective
testing to see why
and distinguish normal from abnormal
1910 was time of class realloc
authorities feared joint action
by blacks and whites of lower
mental capabilites
Verwort was a psychologist
was Prime minister
psych testing was used to justify Apartheid
by showing lower mental capability for blacks
psychologists were to prove this
1948
first psychology professional group
1952 first black psychologists applied
he was refused
psychology was white
1988 90% white
1994 77% white
psych services mainly in urban areas
rural areas left out
psych was then seen as having colluded w/ apartheid
his thesis supervisor dissented
interviews published
psychs perpetuated inequalities
1994: situation had to be redressed
legislation: employment equites act 1998
instituted quota system
professional blacks to be employed
universities to get more black students
and profs
progress has been slow
U Cape Town : 70% white professors
what change yardstick?
1 training: what has been done
from 1994 to 2004
only 64% white accepted for psych
studies
70% female
in past four yrs, 31% blacks enter training
today 18 % registered psychologists are balck
he is currently on aq search committee
2 what is taught?
formerly teaching not relevant
and research agenda not relevant to
realities
poverty
AIDS
globalization
AIDS model has been the western one
need indigenous models
especially to effect genuine behavior
change
should look at local fables
and how they were used to build
character
a traditional African story
The Rooster and the Swift
R and S thoroughly enjoyed fun
but led to boasting and rivalry
who is smarter than the other
R says it takes a really good brain to make a good trick
S suggests a party and guests to judge
each practiced his own trick
S went first
wife had been told large pot of boiling water
S proposed to jump into boiling water and come out
unharmed
has speed in steam fooled then into
thinking he was inside the water
R said he could stay in twice as long
dead silence for first minute
after two minutes they damped the fire and found dead rooste
moral: never boast you can do a thing unless you are quite sure you can
{I left my glasses in my room
this morning}
exam day after tomorrow
tomorrow's lecture not on exam
Fessler, more on S Africa
review apartheid
apartheid laws
restrictions on where you could live
many ppeolple had to be moved out
e.g. district 6
there is a district 6 museum
also created ten homelands
designated as homelands for blanks
remote, barren areas
only 15% of land area
gov't argued that they were doing the blacks a favor
planned that homelands would be independent states
indeed four of them did become independent
but not given international recognition
{and the rulers tripped out on
power, we read elsewhere}
but S Africa still needed the cheap labor
so established townships within white area
blacks could live there while working in white area
workers barracks 13-20 / room
minimal water, electricity
poor sanitation
to get job
register as a citizen as one of the fictional
"homelands"
{note that Hitler also used the term heimatland, or
homeland
it seems to be a favorite
term of repressive governemnts}
than in S Africa, you were an imigrant
get a passbook to allow back into white area
all blacks needed to carry a passbook
without it, could be deported
there was nothing to do in the homelands
agriculture poor
no factories
many blacks lived in white areas anyway
sqatter camps grew up around the cities
illegal, huge
police bull-dozed periodically
moved or rebuilt
over time: police became more restrictive
arrested and jailed for no reason
no law existed in squatter camps
resistance arose
1900's - resistance began with Gandhi
Gandhi was non-white and was discriminated against
Gandhi was a lawyer
began his notions of non-violent resistance
1912 - African Nat'l Congress
group trying to find ways to change the gov't
not a party
resistance escalated after Afrikaaners took power in 1948
spiraling increase in resistance and repression
{a positive feedback system}
virtually martial law in the 70s and 80s
police could enter black areas only in armored
vehicles
moved toward lawlessness
no discussions between gov't and blacks
S African was marginalized world-wide
1960s banned from Oluympics
many boycotts
economic problems
arrest and jail without charges
1864 - Mandela arrested and jailed (until early 1990s)
eventually gov't got the message
they had to change
F. W. DeClerk
early 90s began to change apartheid
released Mandela
secret talks w/ Mandela to find solution
eventually agreed on democratic election in 1994
blacks and whites both vote
but there would be a coallition gov't
for a few years
1995 African Nat'l Cong. won
there was then a coallition gov't
Mandela agreed to coallition
because whites would otherwise just
leave
and then the country would collapse
blacks uneducated
not enough doctors,
lawyers, etc
also agreed to not take away things from whites
so situation not really changed
rich whites still living high on the hog
(each student should visit a township while in S Africa)
blacks now in charge
biggest problem: not enough educated blacks
education will take twenty years
major problem: healing the ragged sores
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Mandela, Tutu came up with the plan of healing
get down on paper everything that happened
so no one will ever forget
invited public testimony
victims
perpetrators
met for three years
if you testified with full disclosure
you were given amnesty
or if a victim,
compensation
the stories were on the web
Fessler hopes they are still there
Prof. Bandawe, Future of Psychology
ystdy: challenges to psychology
in apartheid psychology co-opted to give gov't friendly answers
now let us look at where psych can go
to have impact on life of people,
psych must adopt the worldview of the
people
first step: begin by "hearing the narrative"
listen to the people and hear where they are "coming
from"
rediscover the lost identity of African psychology
so: first look at world view (slides):
African
Cosmology
God
Spirits (Good ) Ancestors Living Dead
Spirits (Evil) Witches
World of recently deceased
People
Animals
Plants
|
This cosmology is in the form of a hierarchy
the living must do
rituals to help the recently deceased
graduate to the higher
realm
People are further split between Chief and Advisors
basically there is an interconnection
between the spirit world and
the living
African renaissance
an appeal for a strong African identity
African identity has been lost through colonialism
Ubuntu - overriding philosophy
summarizes how people relate to each
other
| uBuntu Definitions |
|
Ideal
qualities and values of true human being
Ruel Khosa: Collective
consciousness of the African people:
Behaviour patterns, expressions, spiritual fulfilment, values sharing
& treating other persons as humans, sensitivity to the needs of
others
|
Ubuntu is not new; since long before colonists
arrived
- “In the African traditional world view, the well being of
man is
intimately connected with the well being of the total creation. If a
man abuses nature and the environment, nature will also abuse man” Augustine
Musopole
- “Our central principle is life and not reason” Musopole
- Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu
(A person is a person through persons)
|
Instead of Umuntu ... westerners are accustomed to Descartes:
Cogito ergo sum. I think, therefore I am.
Instead the African philosophy is
I am because you are
- Collective interest should come before individual interest.
Cooperation
encouraged:
- Mutu umodzi siusenza denga”
- Individuality recognised:
- “kufa saferana”; “Tsoka la wina ndi mwai wa wina”
|
proverb: one head cannot carry a roof
people die individually
proverb you can borrow utensils. but cannot borrow a face
| Core values of ubuntu |
|
Human relation to land
Patience
Hospitality
Loyalty
Respect
Sociability
Vitality
Health
Endurance
Sympathy
|
hospitality example: weddings are communal. no specific
inviatations
respect example: talk to neighbors on bus
westerners sit on bus and do not talk to
neighbors
sympathy, for example, during hardship and death
| Traits
of ubuntu |
- Self control, patience, moderation, politeness, honesty
& empathy
with reference to the welfare of others and community.
- “I am because we are, and since we are, therefore, I am” –
Mbiti
- Interdependence between individual and community
|
"If you want to achieve what you want to achieve,
help others to achieve what they want to achieve."
NOW: How to apply above principles to schooling
how to translate into practical action
traditional school has three dimensions:
informing and forming the youth
1 imparting life skills
hand knowledge
so people can work w./ their hands
2. affect head
e.g., secret terms for objects
3. heart
education is wholistic: hand, head, and heart
Ubunutu education is wholistic
how to deal w/ heart knowledge
how to creatre a psychology out of heart knowledge
Aftican stories are there to help shape character
proverbs
leave the handling of the gun to the hunter
old age does not announce itself
man is like palm wine
in youth weak. in age,
strong and harsh
a stone thrown in anger never kills a bird
if stretching were wealth, the cat would be rich
(that is, the cat is lazy)
daylight follows a dark night
proverbs do not control or manipulate
just try to explain life
implications
eg HIV/AIDS
peer influences are strong
if sleeping around is viewed as manly, it will happen
to affect change, must impart new symbols
there is considerable literature on indigenous knowledge
old knowledge - folklore
empirical knowledge - lies w/ elders
dreams, etc.
traditional healer gets knowledge in dreams
especially the call to
become a healer
local, rooted in a particular culture
not quantifiable
oral transmission
lost upon the death of elders
indigenous knowledge systems
now codification
so they can be applied in modern education
for social transformation to take place,
need {something or other}
key: innovation
bring psychologists togehter
to say how to shape psychology into something that can help
need then to incorporate that knowledge into curriculum
need critical evaluation of indigenous knowledge
S Africa does have challenges
w/ African renaissance there is discussion
of strengthening indigenous knowledge systems
